Essay on pulp fiction - 2691 Words

Pulp Fiction (1994) is a mesmerizing, violent and entertaining movie. It has a bizarre cast of characters, a nonlinear sequence of events and endless references to pop culture. The underlying theme of the movie, however, deals with religion and the transformation of two characters: Jules (Samuel L. Jackson) and Butch (Bruce Willis). nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In the beginning of the film, Vincent (John Travolta) has returned from a stay in Amsterdam, and the conversation between Jules and Vincent deals with what Big Macs and Quarter Pounders are called in Europe. As the movie moves on, other references are the Fonz on Happy Days, Arnold the Pig on Green Acres, the band Flock of Seagulls, Caine from Kung Fu, TV pilots, and other such†¦show more content†¦nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Jules always quotes this just before he kills someone. The point is that the passage refers to a system of values and meaning by which one could lead one’s life and make moral decisions. However, that system has no connection with Jules’s life and as he realizes later, the passage is actually meaningless to him. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In addition to the pop references in the film, its dialogue on language is concerned with naming things. What’s a Big Mac called? What’s a Quarter Pounder called? What’s a Whopper called? When Ringo (Tim Roth) calls the waitress â€Å"garà §on,† she tells him: â€Å"‘garà §on’ means ‘boy’.† When Butch’s girlfriend refers to his means of transportation as a â€Å"motorcycle,† he insists on correcting her: â€Å"It’s not a motorcycle, it’s a chopper.† When a Hispanic cab driver, however, asks Butch what his name means, he replies: â€Å"This is America, honey; our names don’t mean shit.† The point is clear that in the absence of any lasting ambition or value and meaning, our language no longer points to anything beyond itself. To call something good or evil makes it so since there’s no higher authority or criteria by which one might judge such things. Jules quotes the â€Å"Bible† before his executions, but he might as well be quoting the Fonz or Buddy Holly. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;This absence of any kind of system for making value judgments, this lack of a larger meaning to their lives, creates aShow MoreRelated Pulp Fiction Essays1384 Words   |  6 PagesPulp Fiction The puzzle pieces are carefully fitted together as director Quentin Tarantino intermingles three different story lines in his hit movie Pulp Fiction. The movie begins in a quiet little diner as two petty robbers discuss their next mission. The mission in question involves two lovebirds (Amanda Plummer and Tim Roth) holding up unsuspecting restaurants, instead of their usual liquor stores. As their plan falls into action, time alters and we find ourselves riding down the streetRead MorePulp Fiction Essay895 Words   |  4 PagesEthical Values in Pulp Fiction Pulp fiction is a movie filled with drugs, violence, gambling, and pop iconography, describing how real-life society is going towards the â€Å"death of god† era; a life without morals. A lot of movie critics would say that Jules (Samuel L. Jackson) and Vincent (John Travolta) possess no ethical values, no sense of morality. They also say that the movie does not convey a message. The movie does convey a message; Quentin Tarantino just masks it behind the street-savvyRead MoreThe Movie Pulp Fiction 2123 Words   |  9 PagesPulp Fiction, a film where every 1950’s pop culture icon is on display from Zorro to Buddy Holly. Quentin Tarantino s 1994, Pulp Fiction, went on to win an Oscar for best original screenplay, and gained a cult following. This report will examine the film s relationship with Nihilist theory. The film is centered around Jules Winnfiel’s [Samuel L. Jackson] transformation, from someone with no sense of what to believe in, to someone who exper iences ‘Divine intervention’ and rethinks his system ofRead MoreNarrative Structure of Pulp Fiction1304 Words   |  6 PagesQuentin Tarantino United States Of America - 1994 John Travolta, Samel L. Jackson, Uma Thurman, Bruce Willis Quentin Tarantino’s American crime film â€Å"Pulp Fiction† is organized through three separate but interrelated storylines. There is one story that constructed by three distinct stories. At the beginning of the sequences, titles are shown on the black screen which provides a recognizable source for narration.The first story-Vincent Vega and Marsellus Wallace’s wife- is about Vincent VegaRead MorePulp Fiction Vs. Kill Bill1694 Words   |  7 PagesPulp Fiction Vs. Kill Bill I was a little late on the Kill Bill train and did not watch the movie until last year. As soon as the film started, I knew that it was going to be extremely intense. The same goes for Pulp Fiction. These two films directed by Quentin Tarantino were very different from all the other films that I’ve seen in my life. The mise en scene, dialogue, and music, were all different factors that intrigued me. I watched Pulp Fiction after watching Kill Bill and at first I thoughtRead MorePulp Fiction - a Sociological Debate1412 Words   |  6 Pagessome of the research approaches fore-mentioned. Analysing the main dimensions will be covered by discussing the appropriate concepts separately and by individually contrasting the classical and modern theories with Quentin Tarantino’s 1994 film ‘Pulp Fiction,’ known for its rich, diverse dialogue, ironic combination of humour and violence, a nonlinear storyline told in several differing orders, and a mass amount of cinema tic hints and popular culture references. A classical theory is HistoricalRead MoreEssay on Biblical References in Pulp Fiction1633 Words   |  7 Pages Pulp Fiction Throughout the movie Pulp Fiction, directed by Quentin Tarantino, there are many hidden references to religion and the Bible. The movie starts off, introducing our two main characters, Vincent Vega and Jules Winnfield, as two cheap hitmen in search of a package belonging to their boss, Marcellus Wallace. The package is retrieved, and they then began their job of returning it to their boss. Along the way, they ran into difficulties, such as Vegas so-called date with hisRead MorePulp Fiction Film Analysis1134 Words   |  5 Pages Pulp Fiction is a black comedy crime film written and directed Quentin Tarantino (1994). The film’s â€Å"narrative follows the unpredictable actions and reflections of two hit men who philosophically meditate out loud about the Bible, loyalty, and McDonald’s hamburgers† (Corrigan, White, 368). The movie goes against the three-act structure of classic films as the story is told out of chronological order making the film so memorable to its viewers. Tarantino’s film begins in a coffee shop and also endsRead MoreMovie Review : Pulp Fiction 1611 Words   |  7 PagesIn 1994, Quentin Tarantino released his American Crime film that was nominated for 7 Oscars, winning one, and is currently #95 on AFI’s 100 Greatest American Movies. The movie, Pulp Fiction, is about three characters that are all connected to the life of crime. The first character is Vincent, a man who follow ever y order his boss gives him. Vincent is satisfied with his life of crime and doesn’t plan on changing his lifestyle. The second main character is Jules, a man who believes that he recentlyRead MoreEssay about Postmodernism in Pulp Fiction1681 Words   |  7 PagesThe film Pulp Fiction was an immediate box office success when it was released in 1994 and it was also well received by the critics, and celebrated for the way it appeared to capture exactly a certain pre-millennial angst and dislocation in Western capitalist societies. The term post-modernist, often used to refer to art and architecture, was applied to this film. The pulp fiction refers to popular novels which are bought in large numbers by less well educated people and enjoyed for their entertainment

Analysis Of The Movie Blackfish - 1633 Words

â€Å"Fifty years of connecting and caring;† this is one of SeaWorld s many advertisements to entice people to come to their parks. This park, along with others like it, is a large tourist attraction for people of all ages. Who doesn’t love observing sea creatures, especially killer whales, perform tricks like a circus in the water? In the documentary, Blackfish, released in 2013, Gabriela Cowperthwaite tells the story of Tilikum, a killer Orca whale held in captivity by Seaworld. This is a story of how the sea park industry hides the risks and reality of working with these intelligent and emotional mammals. This film is written to educate the general public about how little is known about these animals, and point out that the sea park industry is a multi million dollar business exploiting these sea creatures. At the beginning of the documentary, the tone is set. The beginning introduces SeaWorld and the beautiful whales in all its glory. The trainers are shown intera cting with the whales. After watching the beginning clips, the audience wants to find out more. Throughout this documentary, Cowperthwaite exposes the conditions of Orca’s â€Å"behind bars† with the use of irony along with using logical and emotional appeals. Gabriela Cowperthwaite, the director of Blackfish, has directed, written, and produced documentaries for fifteen years. This documentary is one of the highest grossing documentaries of all time. She has written for ESPN, National Geographic, Animal Planet,Show MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Movie Blackfish 1770 Words   |  8 PagesBlackfish is a documentary produced in the year 2013 and was directed by a person known as Gabriella Cowperthwaite, and this documentary focuses on a killer whale that had been taken into captivity. A killer whale can also be referred to as the orca, and this is a toothed whale that belongs to the family of the dolphins. The orca in this movie was called Tilikum that was a bull orca who was living in captivity. He had sired twenty one calves and he was involved in the deaths of three individualsRead MoreSea World Park And Entertainment Company3696 Words   |  15 Pagessee in the wild. On 19th January 2013, a documentary named BLACKFISH premiered at the sundana film festival. Blackfish is directed by Gabriela cowperthwaite. This documentary features Tilikum the killer whale, trainers and people who were associated with sea world. Documentary is mainly focused on the death of the trainers that took place in the past years, and how these animals are being treated at sea world. Blackfish tired to understand and explain the reasons behind sea world’s highly

Mental Health in Adolescents Free Essays

string(72) " and suicidality was measured with mental health service use questions\." Mental Health Service Use Among Adolescents and Young Adults With Major Depressive Disorder and Suicidality Amy H Cheung, M D Carolyn S Dewa, Objectives: Despite being recognized as a serious public health concern, suicidality among adolescents and young adults is frequently missed, and completed suicide remains the second leading cause of death for young Canadians. With such close links between depression, suicidality, and completed suicide, any intervention must address all 3 of these issues. However, to develop effective interventions, we must understand the types and rates of mental health service use among adolescents and young adults. We will write a custom essay sample on Mental Health in Adolescents or any similar topic only for you Order Now This study examines service use rates in young Canadians with depression and suicidality and the influence of sex on the types of service provider chosen. Methods: We used data from the Canadian Community Health Survey: Mental Health and Weil-Being. Our sample included 619 individuals, aged 15 to 24 years, who screened positive for depression and suicidality in the past 12 months. We examined mental health service use rates in general and by provider type. Results: Among adolescents aged 15 to 18 years with depression, 40% had not used any mental health services. This rate was higher for adolescents with suicidality at 50%. In young adults aged 19 to 24 with depression, 42% had not used any mental health services. Among young adults with suicidality, 48% had not accessed services. Female adolescents and young adults were more likely to receive services from nonspecialty mental health providers. Conclusions: In Canada, many adolescents and young adults with depression and suicidality do not receive mental health services. Further, there may be a preferential treatment of young men by mental health specialists. Further research is needed to understand the quality of care received by these young Canadians and the factors influencing service use. (Can J Psychiatry 2007;52:228-232) Information on funding and support and author affiliations appears at the end of the article. Clinical Implications †¢ About 50% of adolescents and young adults with depression and suicidality do not use mental health services. †¢ Strategies to increase service use in youth with depression are needed. Strategies to decrease differences between the sexes in service use are needed. Limitations †¢ The quality of care could not be examined from the CCHS 1. 2 data. †¢ The survey results were based on patient recall. †¢ Although this was a national population-based study, the sample size was small. 228 †¢ La Revue canadienne de psychiatrie, vol 52, no 4, avril 2007 Mental Health Service Use Among Adolesc ents and Young Adults With Major Depressive Disorder and Suicidality Key Words: adolescents, depression, suicidality, service use, young adults D pression and suicidality (ideation and attempts) among adolescents and young adults are frequently unrecognized and untreated by any health professionals. ‘ Not only are depression and suicidality often linked, but both pose a significant burden on patients and their families. Suicide is the second leading cause of death in youth aged 15 to 18 years, second only to motor vehicle accidents. ^ Further, almost 50% of teens who complete suicide have a diagnosable mood disorder, such as depression, and have expressed suicidality prior to completing suicide. ^^ There are also consistent differences between male and female adolescents, with male adolescents more likely to complete suicide and female adolescents more likely to have depression and suicidality. ^ Policy-makers, families, and providers have struggled to understand how to addres s this significant public health issue. A first step in addressing the issue is to understand the mental health service use pattems among adolescents and young adults with depression and suicidality. Given the differences in prevalence rates between young men and women, it is also critical to understand the influence of sex on service use in this age group. have a form of depression. ^ Further, according to a biannual survey of youth in the United States, more than 16% of US teenagers have had thoughts about suicide, and 10% had actually attempted suicide in the previous 12 months. ‘† We found similar rates in Canada, with almost 20% of teens aged 15 to 18 years reporting suicidality in their lifetime. † However, it is not known how many of these youth received mental health interventions. Given that depression and suicidality are so closely linked, it would be a reasonable first step to examine the rates of mental health service use among Canadian adolescents and young adults and, flirther, to look at which type of service provider they are seeing to address these problems. Therefore, this study examines the rates of service use in adolescents aged 15 to 18 and young adults aged 19 to 24 with depression and suicidality. We will also comment on how these service use rates could be used to develop policies targeted at this population. Methods Subjects The survey sample was drawn from the CCHS 1. 2. We examined a subsample of CCHS 1. 2 respondents aged 15 to 24 years. The total sample size for the CCHS 1. 2 is 36 984, with a sample size of 5646 for individuals between the ages of 15 and 24 years. Our subsample included 619 individuals who screened positive for a diagnosis of depression and (or) suicidality in the past 12 months. We examined the rates of mental health service use in general and according to provider type. Major Depressive Disorder. The diagnosis of MDD was evaluated in the CCHS 1. 2 through the use of structured interviews. The interview modules were drawn from the CIDI. ‘^ A diagnosis of MDD was derived from the CIDI. We used the 12-month estimates for MDD. Suicidality. Suicidal attempts and ideation were measured by using the questions on suicide in the depression section ofthe CCHS 1. 2 survey. Subjects were interviewed for suicidality regardless of their screen for depression. Although there are significant risk differences between those with suicidal ideation and those with attempts, we combined these 2 groups in our analyses because of Statistics Canada reporting rules regarding rare events. Service Use. Service use for MDD and suicidality was measured with mental health service use questions. You read "Mental Health in Adolescents" in category "Essay examples" All service use was measured according to provider and place of contact in the following groups: GPs (nonpsychiatrist medical doctors), psychiatrists, psychologists, social workers or counsellors, and other professionals, including nurses, religious counsellors (such as ministers or rabbis), and naturopaths or other alternative health care practitioners. Service use for each of the groups was defined according to use and nonuse. Statistical Analyses The CCHS 1. 2 uses a stratified design with differences in sampling fractions across the strata, with some geographical 229 Several studies have examined the rates of mental health service use by adolescents and young adults. However, most of these have been US-based studies. * These studies show that service use is less than 50% among adolescents and young adults aged 15 to 24 years* and that up to 80% of children and adolescents aged 6 to 17 years do not receive needed mental health services. Among adolescents with depression, 50% are not diagnosed prior to adulthood. * In Canada, the rates of depression and service use in Canadians aged 15 to 24 were examined in the Ontario Mental Health Supplement in the early 1990s,’ which found the rate of service use in this age group to be less than 50%. However, aside from the supplement, no other Canadian study has examined the rates of service use by young Canadians aged 15 to 24 with depression. Therefore, even with the increasing recognition by policymakers and service providers that depression poses a significant burden on our youth and their families, there is very little research furthering our understanding of this issue or helping to develop effective strategies to address it. Similarly, we know very little about young individuals with suicidality and their pattern of service use. US surveys have shown that more than 50% of youth who complete suicide Abbreviations used in this article CCHS 1. Cl CIDI GP MDD Canadian Community Health Survey: Mental Heaith and Weli-Being confidence interval Composite International Diagnostic Interview general practicitioner major depressive disorder The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, Voi 52, No 4, Aprii 2007 Original Research Table 1 Twelve-month service use rates by provider type among youth with major depression and sutcidality Any service % (95%CI) Psychiatrist % (95%CI) GP % (95%CI) Psychologist % (95%CI) Social worker or counsellor % (95%CI) Other provider % (95%CI) Respondents Adolescents aged 15 to 18 years. suffered from major depression Male Female 56. 3 (34. 4 to 78. 1) 55. 9 (40. 7 to 71. 1) 45. 5 (21. 2 to 69. 9) 21. 4 (11. 2 to 31. 6) 24. 6 (7. 2 to 42. 0) 30. 7 (17. 9 to 43. 6) 25. 2 (0. 5 to 49. 8) 16. 7 (7. 9 to 25. 5) 10. 8 (0. 9 to 20. 7) 39. 9 (24. 7 to 55. 0) 23. 9 (-0. 6 to 48. 3) 16. 4(8. 1 to 24. 8) Adults aged 19 to 24 years, suffered from major depression Men Women 52. 5 (37. 3 to 67. 8) 55. 6 (44. 3 to 66. 9) 28. 9 (15. 3 to 42. 5) 26. 1 (18. 0 to 34. 2) 37. (22. 2 to 51. 9) 45. 9 (35. 3 to 56. 5) 33. 9 (19. 2 to 48. 6) 21. 9 (13. 4 to 30. 5) 17. 6 (7. 8 to 27. 5) 29. 1 (20. 3 to 38. 0) 9. 5 (1. 9 to 17. 1) 21. 1 (12. 7 to 29. 5) Adolescents aged 15 to 18 years. suffered from suicidality Male Female 36. 5 (18. 4 to 54. 5) 49. 0 (38. 5 to 59. 5) 23. 3 (6. 3 to 40. 3) 19. 3 (10. 9 to 27. 7) 14. 7 (4. 4 to 25. 1) 27. 2 (17. 7 to 36. 7) 21. 7 (4. 5 to 38. 8) 21. 0 (12. 3 to 29. 8) 13. 2 (4. 2 to 22. 2) 31. 9(22. 1 to 41. 7) 16. 2 (-1. 1 to 33. 4) 15. 9 (8. 5 to 23. 3) Adults aged 19 to 24 years, suffered from suicidaiity Men Women 39. 5(27. 1 to 51. 9) 50. 8 (37. 0 to 64. 6) 22. 6 (12. 3 to 33. 0) 17. 5 (9. 6 to 25. 4) 27. 9 (16. 6 to 39. 1) 41. 3 (28. 3 to 54. 3) 24. 1 (10. 9 to 37. 3) 24. 6 (14. 0 to 35. 2) 12. 8 (4. 9 to 20. 7) 20. 8 (11. 6 to 30. 0) 9. 3 (2. 2 to 16. 4) 16. 2 (7. 0 to 25. 3) areas under- or overrepresented in the sample relative to their representation in the population. Therefore, we used the weights recommended by Statistics Canada when conducting analyses. Rates of service use for mental health reasons were calculated for subjects with MDD and (or) suicidality in the past 12 months. Service use rates were examined according to provider type and the sex ofthe subjects. Chi-square tests were conducted to examine for differences between young men and women with depression and (or) suicidality. Results Among adolescents aged 15 to 18 years with depression, 40% (95%CI, 28% to 53%) had not used any mental health services. The rate was higher for those with suicidality, at 50% (95%CI, 41% to 59%). Most adolescents and young adults with depression were either not accessing services at all or accessing services for their mental health problems through one provider. Among those aged 15 to 18 years, 22% (95%CI, 11% to 33%) accessed services through one provider, compared with 20% (95%CI, 14% to 27%) of those aged 19 to 24 years. Among young adults aged 19 to 24 years with depression, 42% (95%CI, 33% to 51%) had not used any health services for mental health reasons. For those with suicidality, 48% (95% CI, 39% to 5 8%) had not accessed services in the past 12 months. As with those with depression, most of our sample with suicidality either did not access services at all or accessed services through one provider. Among those aged 15 to 18 years with suicidality, 21% (95%CI, 14% to 28%) accessed services through one provider, compared with 22. 12% (95%CI, 14% to 30%) of those aged 19 to 24 years. 230 Differences between young men and women were not found in the overall use of mental health services. Service use by type of provider and sex are shown in Table 1. However, female adolescents aged 15 to 18 years with depression were more likely to use services from social workers and (or) counsellors, compared with male adolescents (female adolescents; 40% [95%CI, 25% to 55%]; male adolescents, 11% [95%CI, 1% to 21%]). Similarly, in young adults aged 19 to 24, a higher percentage of yotmg women saw social workers and (or) counsellors (women, 29% [95%CI, 20% to 38%]; men, 18% [95%CI, 8% to 28%]). For those with suicidality, female subjects in both age groups were more likely to use mental health services from GPs. Among those aged 15 to 18, 15% (95%CI, 4% to 25%) of male adolescents saw GPs, compared with 27% (95%CI, 18% to 37%) of female adolescents. Among those aged 19 to 24, 27. 9% (95%CI, 17% to 39%) of young men saw GPs, compared with 41% (95%CI, 28% to 54%) of young women. Overall, female adolescents and young adults with depression and (or) suicidality were more likely than male adolescents and young adults to use services from GPs (female subjects aged 15 to 18 years: x^ = 4. 53, dfl,P 0. 03; aged 19 to 24: X = 14. 88, df 1, P 0. 001) and from social workers and (or) ^ counsellors (aged 15to 18:^^=15. 54,dfl,P How to cite Mental Health in Adolescents, Essay examples

Accounting Theory and Current IssuesPositive Accounting Theory

Question: Discuss about the Accounting Theory and Current Issuesfor Positive Accounting Theory. Answer: Introduction Paul V Dunmore for the Massey University, Wellington situated in New Zealand propounded the article Half a Defense of Positive Accounting Research of which the critical evaluation is done in the current study. Herein, this research paper an optimistic approach is followed towards the accounting research. A wider review of the intellectual project is made to understand the significance and drawbacks of positive accounting research. The article purpose is to draft a casual description of human behaviour in different account settings. The goal of conducting current literature analysis is to determine the article significance in the field of positive accounting. To uncover the facts an initial summary is specified aiming at main arguments of the article. Furthermore, to develop a deeper understanding of the literature of review research question and theoretical framework is specified in the report. Lastly, to derive a valid conclusion the importance and limitation of the article will be evaluated thoroughly. Article Summary The concept of Positive Accounting Theory is considered to be a vital segment of the academic accounting research that aims at evaluating and forecasting the current practices in accounting. The research is in direct contrast with the normative standards of accounting, which is more focused onto the description of optimal accounting standards. The report explores on how the accounting is applied and recommends the deficiencies in its implementation that leads to overall program ineffectiveness. Half a Defense of Positive Research has specified ways in which it can enhance the positive accounting for promoting the optimal practices, which can be adopted by individuals. The aim of the positive research is to not explore the implications and experiences rather its purpose is to explore the causation. There is a detailed examination done on the ontology and epistemology of positive research and determines what falls short in the current practices of accounting research. The key argument stated in the article is whether positive accounting seeks better theoretical models, which are highly precise and susceptible. Further, stating that the inappropriate progress in a positive accounting is because of the ad hoc quantitative models that are abridged to mere statements of the probable sign of the relationship between two variables. The other elaborated models that occurred from analytical research is unstructured, which makes it difficult to operationalize the same in a suitable manner. Further, there is impelling need for a better measurement that shall help in rigorously testing the theoretical models. The accounting concepts are to be diligently operationalized to upkeep the interesting key concepts that fruitful and important for the businesses. The policy makers are required to draw their focus onto considering the requisite functional forms, which can help in forming a better linear relationship with the already existing concepts of accounting. The Paul V Dunmore showcase the formation of a reliable study to gauge a concept that can be considered as standards for further studies. Thus the approach will help in promoting enhancements within the standards and prevent reinvention of measures for each study. Next, is there is a need for a shift of focus far from the hypothesis testing to estimate the parameters. The confidence intervals for parameters must be compared with the theoretical prediction of such parameters or pick from other studies any comparable measurement. To check whether the result is significantly zero is to check whether the confidence interval comprises of zero, but nonetheless, measured confidence interval shall comprise of significant extra information that the real test does not proclaim. Moreover, the need subsists to archive data of measurement of the significant concepts those that are made to test theory and those that contribute to the archive. Lastly, a need for extensive replication is done for validating the hypothesis testing confirming to the accurateness of measurement. Research Question The current article is based on the Positive Accounting research and thus below following research questions are stated: To make a successful positive research program what measures are required to be taken? What ways are there for analytical modelling? What models of vulnerability are required to tested rigorously? Whether it should focus on the measurement than testing? What is the viability of current results to explore the parameters of applicability of past findings? Theoretical Framework The literature review states the key limitation in performances of positive accounting research, which obstructs it from delivering a complete participation in a wider based project. The key requirement for a valid qualitative research is that the overall concepts maintain the level of testing further to restrain their applicability in research (Creswell, 2013). These theories are required to be formulated through a test against each other to draw a valid conclusion. The requirement for a detailed repetition of research may occur to confirm with the conclusion derived from the different testing of hypothesis. A paradigm shift is also required for further developing a conceptual framework. The shift is marked from theory testing to an evaluation of the basic conceptual outlines of research. To perfect an accounting research, it is important to use enhanced measurement tools. Furthermore, the models should be advanced for forming the base of hypothesis testing. Models framed should be flawless checking that there is no environmental vulnerability subsisting. The criticism framed in the articles is as follows S.NO. Statement criticised by Paul V Dunmore 1 Positive Accounting does not serve any remedy as it states what shall happen rather than what ought to have happened. It does not fulfil the key aim of accounting theory. 2 The positive accounting theory is not free from the value as it focuses on explaining what people shall do disregarding the fact that what are they actually needed to do. 3 The theory makes an assumption that every management and stakeholder action are built on the basis of their self-interest with key goals to enhance their own wealth without looking on the adverse aspects. As per the Kuhn (1970), description of normal science adequately gets in tune with the positive accounting research rather than actual science. Positive accounting research has worthy contribution to serve a wider understanding of human behaviour due to its distinctive setting and specific range of behaviour that accounting embraces. Kuhn also argues that a model is replaceable only when it no longer supports the concept of normal science. For some reasons it has been proclaimed that the social system is not steady but an adoption of the modified system shall help in suiting the advanced knowledge thus not leading to any severe crises. Further, Kuhn uses the notion of a disciplinary matrix for suggesting the positive research through an example that can be used for solving all puzzles, irrespective of the contribution in its social system. The positive accounting theory was almost patented by the Watts and Zimmerman (1990, 1978 and 1986) nonetheless their contribution can be seen really narrow in comparison to the wide-based concept of positive research. Many other aspects of accounting research are not determined by the theoretical model. The aim of accounting research is for extending the base of understanding and application of different theories in accounting research. It is important to ascertain a better approach for validating the finding of this research. Significance and Limitation Of Article The research article propounded by Paul V Dunmore has a significant contribution to serve for deeply understanding the social context of human behaviour. It is due to the unique setting that is being used in this research to ascertain the specific range of behaviour which accounting comprises of. Provided the fact that research paper shall assist in policy makers to use the research for the future development of the theories working onto the existing disadvantages in the models of positive accounting. The theoretical inferences made by Paul V Dunmore for the research analysis viable as it is suitably sustained by valid fact and justifications. Yet there is also a significant limitation in the analysis section. In the current practices, the key output comprises of statistically important coefficients, but the interpretation does not serve the connection suspecting the measurement that is inconsistent with the theories and sample which are not challenged and whose applicability is not verified rather presumed. According to Flick (2015), the tools and models that are supposed to be employed for a comprehensive analysis must be adequate for the objective of study otherwise it shall affect the validity of study adversely because of inadequacies. Limitation and benefit are specified in the study but are not completely clear from the readers point of view. There are suitable constraints identified in the study affecting the research validity, which question the reliability of its use for future studies. Conclusion The current literature concludes that the article has presented a wide data on how the positive accounting research is essentially practised. The study states that there is a lot more development needed to enhance the rigorous theories and most of these have failed when tested. The current article states suitable finding and allow the reader to draw valid inferences from the hypothesis testing. Through this aspect, there shall be confirmation of accurate measurement by which researcher can investigate the boundaries of research findings of the study. References Creswell, J.W., 2013. Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches. Sage. Flick, U., 2015. Introducing research methodology: A beginner's guide to doing a research project. Sage. Kuhn, T. S., 1970. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, 2nd Edition. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. Watts, R. L., Zimmerman, J. L., 1990. Positive accounting theory: A ten year perspective. The Accounting Review 65 (1), 131-156. Watts, R., Zimmerman, J., 1978. Towards a positive theory of the determination of accounting standards. The Accounting Review 53, 112{134. Watts, R., Zimmerman, J., 1986. Positive Accounting Theory. Prentice Hall.