Inspiring Essay Topics Explained

Inspiring Essay Topics Explained Inspiring Essay Topics Ideas There are various elements of an essay you must understand how to write, and the way to compose the well. For the reason, here are a list of fifteen unique titles that may allow you to get started. While the ideas might not be just what you're searching for, it's possible they may still help to inspire you to consider something nice and relevant for your own work. A time once you received help from a comprehensive stranger 33. Together with helping think of great topic ideas, by reading over prewritten samples it may also help to inspire great ideas for what content to have in your own essay. Therefore, the topic you select plays a very important function. Explaining how to spend less by utilizing open-source texts and internet textbook rental websites would result in an extremely informative essay. It's often advisable to write about topics you know. The multiple topics could be found, for instance, in the dissertation abstracts international database. Now you are prepared to produce your very own argumentative topics. Fortunately, appropriate and intriguing topics will motivate students to overcome these skill-related hurdles so they're in a position to write about the subject. It is crucial that the essay doesn't appeal to the writer alone. The essay is just one of the important approaches it's possible to distinguish yourself. You've got to compose an informative essay. An argumentative essay requires you to choose a topic and have a position on it. Always think deeply about the way to make a fantastic essay structure it's a significant part academic writing. Below is a list of the best 15 amazing essay topics that is likely to make your writing joyful and effortless. Without an essay outline, it would be hard to recall the necessary sections, arguments, logical stream of essay, and general structure. You must be very careful when choosing an essay topic. Writing a superb persuasive essay is not an easy job, however, it's achievable. Selecting an essay topic can be tough to do, especially in the event that you lack the inspiration which you need in order to locate a wonderful title to write to. Essay Writing Guide Here's an excellent app that is regarded as the encyclopedia in teaching. To compose an outstanding essay, it's important to use specific academic language. What You Need to Do About Inspiring Essay Topics Starting in the Next Eight Minutes At any time you catch yourself feeling captivated by an individu essay or article, take a good look at it. You are able to even incorporate a quote by a renowned person to generate an even greater impression on your teacher. Perhaps you've exhausted your older idea lists, or perhaps you're searching for something even more inspiring. Well, funny as it might sound, the answer has been right before you! What You Should Do to Find Out About Inspiring Essay Topics Before You're Left Behind Your essay might incorporate the factors for teen pregnancy and talk about the recent rates of teen pregnancy and potential solutions. Popper food in our everyday life results in a lifetime habit toward a healthier extended life. By comparison, countless studies have proven that people are much better motivated by using positive feedback. The selection of the object, strength and caliber of attachment mostly depend on parents behavior connected to their infant. The Hidden Treasure of Inspiring Essay Topics When prior brainstorming is finished, you might begin drafting your essay. Quite simply, you have to inspire your employees. The procedure is a particular succession of events. If there's absolutely no feedback whatsoever, employees become complacent. New Ideas Into Inspiring Essay Topics Never Before Revealed Therefore, such an essay is a favorite at different phases of school and college education. You should have your reasons, and our principal concern is that yo u wind up getting an excellent grade. The solution can be found in the simple fact your tutor want to teach you to develop your analytical and argumentative skills. As a teacher having students that are masters in essay writing is a central goal.

Television Journalism And The Media - 893 Words

TV Journalism has been degraded to the point in which true factual and informative reporting free of bias has been replaced with short news bytes centered and focused on its entertainment value alone. Within the political process, this has mostly served as a disservice to both politicians and the general public audience. Edward J Epstein published a book entitled â€Å"News from Nowhere† in which he observed NBC’s news department and how decisions were made on what was news worthy. He discovered a decline in television network ratings and profits caused executives to change marketing strategies. This new direction in news reporting would be tailored to an audience low in sophistication with the network defining what would be newsworthy. Epstein wrote: â€Å"Dull and complicated stories would need to be of enormous importance to get on the air, but relatively trivial stories would make the cut if interesting enough†. (Edwards, p. 406). Supporting this observation Washington Post editors Leonard Downie Jr and Robert Kaiser argue that â€Å"Entertainment has pushed out information in the TV news business and that the history of TV news can be summarized in a couple sentences†. (Edwards, p. 406). An exception to this practice would be networks assigning their best reporters to cover major events or â€Å"Lead Stories† at well-established sources such as the White House, Congress, or the Pentagon. During the 1991 Gulf War, 50 per-cent of the stories came from these locations. During the 1991Show MoreRelatedYellow Journalism: Then and Now859 Words   |  4 PagesYellow Journalism: Then and Now Yellow JournalismÂ… the unbelievable headlines, gossip you hear from the paparazzi, although you think it is just harmless gossip, it is everything but that, as a matter of fact it has caused wars amongst America and other countries. The term yellow journalism was originally coined to describe the journalistic practices of Joseph Pulitzer. Today, it is synonymous with the inflammatory editorials of William Randolph Hearst. In a classic example of yellow journalismRead MoreEssay on How Sensationalism Affects Eve1135 Words   |  5 Pages How Sensationalism Affects Everyone Involved In today ¡Ã‚ ¦s society journalism is under close scrutiny and is losing its credibility. Sensationalism effects both those who receive it in addition to those who report it. This essay will review the history of sensationalism in the media, clearly demonstrate how sensationalism effects ours views on journalism, and confront the ethical dilemmas that journalists must face between reporting objectively and reporting what sells. This will be accomplishedRead MoreMedia Journalism : Public And Criticize Policies999 Words   |  4 Pagesfree society of the United States of America, journalism is freely expressed in all measures to inform the public and criticize policies. Besides the fact that media journalism keeps the public up to date with current events, more importantly, it provides checks and balances on the government. Keeping a close eye on the government limits the possibility of corruption and other scandals such as the Watergate Scandal. Throughout the history of journalism , there have been a variety of ways to get messagesRead MoreNewspaper And Other Traditional Sources Of Journalism1379 Words   |  6 PagesRosina Gurung Professor Robert Obert Spring 2017 May 03, 2017 Q. â€Å"Newspaper and other traditional sources of journalism are becoming less and less able to financially sustain themselves. 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People in every class have to absorb the knowledge and information from the newspaper to connect and have a discussion to other people, so they always buy theRead MoreThe History Of Community Television In Colombia1194 Words   |  5 Pagessatellite dishes cover the roofs of several community centers in city neighborhoods and towns in Colombia. Their visibility is a monument of a moment in history in which these devices accelerated the access to international media contents, years before the privatization of television distribution in the country. Images, ideas and practices that surrounded the introduction of these devices lead to a range of larger questions regarding social aspirations and distinctions attached to technology. As satelliteRead MoreThe Media And Its Influence On Politics1643 Words   |  7 PagesIn a reasonable world we expect that all sources of media will gather different acts and situations and broadcast it fairly, and responsively. Each individual relies on the media in order to receive information daily. The question raised in this essay is â€Å"Has the media shown news accurately, fairly or even completely?† And â€Å"How has it brought down the economy†. Throughout this essay I will look into the media and its influences that it has on politics, Its Government and the economy that surroundsRead MoreThe Media And Mass Communication Essay1713 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction The term media is often represented within popular culture in varying degrees. To a great extent, there seems to be a tendency to interchange media and mass communication. In this regard, it is imperative and perhaps prudent to define media holistically before proceeding further. For purposes of coherence, the definition of media will be categorized into two spheres; traditional media and new media. According to the Electronic Frontier Foundation (2009), traditional media can be defined asRead MoreHow Media Bias Is Becoming Increasingly Popular Throughout The Nation With The Advancement Of Technology1103 Words   |  5 PagesEvolving Media Bias Media bias is becoming increasingly popular throughout the nation with the advancement of technology. Since the 1920’s, people have strayed away from newspapers and have instead relied on radio, television, and social media sources for their news. Although, public trust in the media since then has been decreasing dramatically, why? Some believe it to be bias in news stories and journalism. The larger the bias becomes the more the public loses trust in media sources. So, how haveRead MoreThe Changing Role of the Us News Media Essay934 Words   |  4 PagesThe Changing Role of the U.S. News Media The internet is our modern source for news media; the importance of the newspaper has not only declined, it is in a sense, obsolete. We now turn to the internet for opinions, news, and entertainment. Even though the way in which we consume information (PBS) has changed, the importance of an unrestricted and watchful media has not changed. (Magleby, Light, Nemacheck, 2010) The Framers of our constitution were well aware of the importance of the press as a

Managerial Communication

Question: Discuss about the Managerial Communication. Answer: Introduction: Communication in an organization means exchange of ideas, thought and information between people working in an organization. Communication in an organization is regarded as one of the most effective tool in overcoming any existing problems and issues in an organization. It enhances the quality of work of the employees and enables them to meet the aims and objectives in an organization (Ruck and Welch 2012). In this report, we shall discuss the best communication approach that a Manager should take at the time of communicating lay off to employees and a communication plan for the same shall be developed. Types of Communication: In an organization, the following types of communication can take place: Intrapersonal Communication: This kind of communication involves the use of thought or language for communication by the communicator and it stays within the communicator itself. Examples such as talking aloud and reading aloud encompass intrapersonal communication (Macnamara 2015). Interpersonal Communication: This kind of communication involves exchange of information between two people at a personal level. This kind of communication may include non verbal communication or a written communication (Wright 2016). Organizational Communication: This type of communication means communication that takes place within an organization at a professional level. This primarily includes exchange of ideas and information within an organization (Chakravartula and Sengupta 2014). Group Communication: This communication means interaction between members of a small group of individuals. This kind of communication is the best for completing any project and management of a project (Dasgupta, Suar and Singh 2012). Intercultural Communication: In this communication, aims at sharing information across people of different social groups and cultures (Eisenberg et al. 2013). Interpersonal Communication The Best Approach In the given case study, a Manager needs to let go three of his employees from his organization, as it is going through bleak economy then it is advisable for him to prefer the interpersonal mode of communication for communicating this to my employees (Knapp et al. 2014). As mentioned above, interpersonal mode of communication means where there is communication between two parties at a very personal level. This type of communication is preferred when there is a need of communicating an information to the other person that is highly personal in nature. From the perspective of laying off employees or informing that their presence is not needed in the job anymore, is indeed, a difficult task from the managements end. To communicate such an information face-to-face communication is required as the employee who is being laid off may come up with innumerable questions, which the Manager will have to answer to the employee to satisfy him as per his existing doubts (Wood 2015). Loss of job can affect trust of employees. At the time of relaying such thoughts to the employee, he may feel lost, stressed and betrayed. Hence, it is important for a Manager to ensure that the employee who is being laid off is satisfied with the fact that it was important for the company to take such a step and that it was left with no other options (Eisenberg et al. 2013). This is possible only if the Manager chooses an interpersonal communication with his employees as it may not be possible for the Manager to give a detailed information regarding his lay off. Thus, interpersonal skills help in giving detailed information to the employees. While expressing his thoughts to the employee, a Manager should recognize the contribution he has made to the organization. Recognition is an important factor while relaying thoughts about lay off to an employee. This can be achieved through direct communication and it will help in avoiding problems and focus on key points of the communication (Macnamara 2015). At the time of communicating lay off to an employee, it is important to note how the employee reacts to this information. An interpersonal communication helps in observing the body language of the employee and the way he reacts after receiving this information. This helps the Manager in understanding the outlook of the employee and his perspective in relation to the work (Dasgupta, Suar and Singh 2012). Additionally, it is also important for a Manager to ensure that such a meeting does not take too long as it leads to a diversion from the given topic. One of the major concerns of people who are being laid off or terminated is the fear what other employees are going to say behind their back. Interpersonal communication is the best way to communicate termination, as the employees will feel secured about their dignity and respect. If such information is communicated verbally then employees may feel dissatisfied (Macnamara 2015). Conclusion: Conclusively, it may be stated that with the associated benefits of interpersonal communication, it is not only best suited for relaying thoughts about lay off the employees but also in other scenarios in an organisation wherein a highly personal information or thought is to be conveyed to the employees. It is advisable to adapt to this kind of communication by the management as it helps both the employees and the Management to express their ideas easily with each other about work place issues or any other associated issues in an organisation. Communication Plan: Communication Context: This shall include the reasons for laying off and the vision and mission of the organisation after the employee will be laid off. The following can be the context of communication in a lay off meeting: The rationale of lay off The mission, aims and objectives of the organisation The efforts taken to reduce job loss How will the layoff influence the organisation positively? Pre Meeting Preparation: To be familiar with the circumstances that has lead to elimination of the employee Prepare a script as a guide. This will be helpful to convey all the necessary information to the employee. To consider the tenure of the employees, that is, after they are laid off will they be serving the notice period or not. Communication Purpose: This shall include the reason of the communication of elimination of the employee. The following points can be included in the communication purpose: The people who will be impacted with the elimination of that employee? The changes that are anticipated to take place with the elimination. Plan of recommendation for the employee Elimination benefits that the employee may avail after elimination Communication Content and Channel: The Manager as part of the communication plan should also prepare the channel and content of communication. In this step, the Manager should decide the way of communicating lay off to employee and the content that he will be using for communication. In this case, the Manager shall choose interpersonal skills as his communication channel and the content is stated as part of the communication plan. Thus, one may conclude that in order to implement the plan that is made, the best approach is interpersonal approach. It may become difficult for the Manager to explain to the employee about the reasons, vision, mission and impact of his elimination in public. To exchange information of such kind, interpersonal communication approach is advisable in the given scenario. References: Chakravartula, C.M. and Sengupta, P.P., 2014. The managerial communication conundrum: exploring the effect of level and function in a corporate public sector organisation.International Journal of Indian Culture and Business Management,9(1), pp.1-16. Dasgupta, S.A., Suar, D. and Singh, S., 2012. Impact of managerial communication styles on employees' attitudes and behaviours.Employee Relations,35(2), pp.173-199. Eisenberg, E.M., Goodall Jr, H.L. and Trethewey, A., 2013.Organizational communication: Balancing creativity and constraint. Macmillan Higher Education. Knapp, M.L., Vangelisti, A.L. and Caughlin, J.P., 2014.Interpersonal Communication Human Relationships. Pearson Higher Ed. Macnamara, J., 2015. The work and architecture of listening: Requisites for ethical organisation-public communication.Ethical Space,12(2), pp.29-37. Ruck, K. and Welch, M., 2012. Valuing internal communication; management and employee perspectives.Public Relations Review,38(2), pp.294-302. Wood, J.T., 2015.Interpersonal communication: Everyday encounters. Nelson Education. Wright, M. ed., 2016.Gower handbook of internal communication. CRC Press.

South of the Border, West of the Sun Review Essay Example

South of the Border, West of the Sun Review Paper Essay on South of the Border, West of the Sun Every living creature dies alone . of k / f Donnie Darko Murakami I did not like. I read the truth a little bit. Dance-dance-dance yes Norwegian Wood. By Murakami, I asked, when a wave of his popularity in Russia was asleep, and only for the sake of Japanese exoticism in literature. no, I certainly did not expect the samurai, geisha, and strokes of ink on parchment, and new notes Sei ShÃ… nagon. I was expecting some special emotion , which is famous for Japanese literature. This, when the silence, the silence screams hardest and decibels tearing eardrums. E for I found later in the genius Kenji Maruyama. But what to Murakami. What sort of exotic. Too Europe this Japanese. Too American. Much of it this has affected, but first of all, I think the interest in jazz. Read Murakami after Hemingway -. pointless We will write a custom essay sample on South of the Border, West of the Sun Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on South of the Border, West of the Sun Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on South of the Border, West of the Sun Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer All the more surprising was for me this novel I opened it almost nothing to do and began to read the first proposal pulled on the surface this is a story of one impossible love. . Love, stretching for a hero through the years. Parting, memories, unexpected meeting and the new Firebolt feelings. Physiologically something like for example, as a hero of the long years of pulling colon through bruised wound in the abdomen. And one day abruptly pulled all without a trace. Pain, you see, a hell. And, as is typical heroes Hemiingueya and Murakami the pain that they are not only tolerated, but only the existence of his in it see Hajime (the protagonist) once a child meets Shimamoto and fall in love with it forever. . At the age of dvendatsati years they would part, and you will see only 25 years later again. As it turns out, one almost never for a moment forget the other, each soul was drawn through the distance, but pick up the phone, and did not dare. And everyone knew that without the others life will never be complete. History, in the spirit of Wong Kar-wai South of the Border. is the name of the composition jazz musician Nat King Cole. Not understanding her words, children, our heroes imagined unknown worlds, castles in the air that there south of the border. West of the Sun the direction, which tend Siberian peasants, when they are, tormented by loneliness and infinity surrounding areas, something dies and they rush to the west of the sun. Shimamoto explain it all to you at the end of the novel But it will take years and Shimamoto know what sings Cole -. Just about Mexico. Siberian peasants have their own disease Shimamoto will own. What to Hajime a country in the south of the sun and the disease for him it all -. Shimamoto Something very personal replied this novel in me. Something very intimate. I well understood Hajime that the soul strives for something different. Something unknown. Something that is to the South of the Border, to something that is in the country, and in fact could be so will send a parable about the division of human gods into two halves only half true. They say were looking for in the other half. This is not true. We are looking for her through others. But the other half is ourselves. We are illusory. We who live in a dream of how it could be. We who settled in the country that is South of the Border, West of the Sun And thats it for this pursuit of themselves this novel.. I think so. To advise him or not? Perhaps yes, but with reservations. This novel has to lie down on the prepared soil of your soul Read the novel by Haruki Murakami:. South of the Border, West of the Sun Buy a novel by Haruki Murakami: south of the border, west of the sun PS Such literature we wrote Eugene Grishkovec. And read Murakami Grishkovtsa in tandem, perhaps, very interesting. In order to see what happens to the literature, adjusted to talent =) As in the case of a very good product is obtained (Murakami), and graphomania pure second (Grishkovets).

Biography of the latest ebola outbreak in uganda Essays

Biography of the latest ebola outbreak in uganda Essays Biography of the latest ebola outbreak in uganda Paper Biography of the latest ebola outbreak in uganda Paper The Ebola virus is an infrequent and exceedingly lethal virus whose name is derived from the Ebola River in northern Zaire. The river flows north of Yambuku, a small town previously inhabited by the first person in whom this virus was identified in 1976. Although it is not known where this virus resides in nature, it can spread fairly easily, hence, appears widespread around the world, most often in several countries across the equatorial forest regions of Africa. The Ebola virus is a filovirus, which is taxonomically classified into its separate virus family by virtue of being quite distinct in relation to the other non-segmented negative- stranded RNA viruses. Generally, viruses replicate by inserting their genetic material (encoded as RNA or DNA) into a host cell and utilizing the host machinery to make copies of themselves. Studies indicate that as Ebola virus spreads, it undergoes genetic mutations thereby becoming more virulent. Ebola virus is the causative agent for hemorrhagic fever (commonly referred to as Ebola), a zoonotic disease transmitted to humans via direct contact with the body fluid of infected live or dead animals. Molecular and immunologic characterization of Ebola virus isolates has led to their classification into four subtypes that include; (i) Ebola Sudan, (ii) Ebola Zaire, (iii) Ebola Ivory Coast and (iv) Ebola Reston. With an exception of E. Reston whose origin is in Asia and has no any reported incident of causing human disease, these subtypes are widely found on the African subcontinent where several cases of their pathogenicity for humans have been reported. Spread of Ebola Virus The Ebola virus spreads mostly through body fluids such as blood to those who have immediate personal contact with the person who is severely ill. For example, health care workers and family members have high chances of contracting the virus when treating and taking care of the infected patients. Poor sanitary conditions, characterized by lack of clean water, needles, syringes, and means of sterilizing an area contaminated with the fluids of a victim contribute significantly to the spread the virus. No cases of airborne transmission have so far been reported in humans, although this is more probable in monkeys. The spread of the virus is also likely to occur through sexual transmission, especially for those who already show some signs of the infection. Similarly, there may be some risk of transmission of the virus through genital discharges shortly after recovery for persons who have been previously infected. Â  Generally, the risk of transmission of the virus is more likely in the advanced stages of the disease as the body fluids tend to flow more freely through hemorrhaging, vomiting and diarrhea.

Email Matters

Email Matters Email Matters Email Matters By Maeve Maddox The ease of dashing off an email is both a convenience and a deadly snare. Emails are not as public as a Twitter tweet, but can lead to grief for the unwary. We’ve all heard the horror stories of the jokester who says something outrageous intended for the eyes of a friend, and then hits the â€Å"Reply All† button by mistake. Because there’s always the chance that an email might go astray, the best practice is what I call the â€Å"Klingon rule†: Don’t say anything in an email that you don’t want a third party to read. (I think it was General Chang in StarTrek VI who said he never uttered anything he wouldn’t want to be overheard. Klingons are always under surveillance.) One way to avoid embarrassing situations with clients or employers is to make a habit of treating every email with care, even the ones you dash off to your friends. Human frailty being what it is, there’s probably no way to avoid saying or typing something stupid at some time or another, but a few tips can save some embarrassment. Common courtesy is the key to writing an email that won’t come back to bite you. Courtesy when writing an email means considering such things as the fact that not everyone can read tiny type or understand texting abbreviations. Depending upon the recipient, sloppy English or attempts at humor can prove deal breakers. In these tippy-toe times of political correctness, it doesn’t take much to offend some people. No one, however, is likely to take offence at standard usage and conventional formatting. Email Address A snappy email handle may amuse your friends, but if you use your account for business as well as social correspondence, you may want to avoid choosing a handle like redhotpapa or partygirl. As the first thing the recipient sees, it can affect the spirit in which the message is received. Subject Line Put something meaningful in the subject line. Be as specific as possible, even for your friends. Instead of â€Å"Hi† or â€Å"Hello,† type something that refers to the message. No one enjoys having to sort through hundreds of emails in order to double check one of them. Font Leave the fancy script and colored text for homemade greeting cards. Choose an easy-to-read font and a dark font color. Dark blue is all right, but black is better. Red is the hardest color to read. Big is better than small. Use a minimum of 12-point. Upper- and Lower-case Use lowercase type with capitals where capitals are called for. Lowercase is easier to read than all caps, but don’t go to extremes and omit capitals altogether. Friends may not mind, but a business colleague may interpret lack of capitalization as evidence of lack of education or energy. Spelling Spell correctly. Use conventional abbreviations. Save texting code for texting. Punctuation It’s easy enough to misinterpret a written message. Reread what you have written before hitting Send. See if the addition of a comma or other punctuation might make your meaning clearer. Salutation Begin your email with the recipient’s name. For a friend or associate, the first name is the obvious salutation. Otherwise, use the full name. I don’t often see â€Å"Dear So-and-So† in electronic correspondence; beginning with the name alone is sufficient. Close The way you end your email will depend upon your relationship with the recipient and the nature of the email. If you are reporting bad news or responding to it, you’re not going to close by writing â€Å"Cheers† or â€Å"Have a nice day.† Here are some options: Best, Best regards, Best wishes, Cheers, Cordially, Kindest regards, I remain yours truly, Regards, Sincerely, Take care, Thanks again, Warmest regards, Yours. If you have asked someone to do something time-consuming for you, your close can be even longer: Thanks for your time and consideration. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Business Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Definitely use "the" or "a"50 Idioms About Roads and PathsCharles's Pen and Jesus' Name

The New Planet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The New Planet - Essay Example As the research highlights  the humanoids seem to be in the advanced stages of their development and are characterized the means of their sustenance. Their modes of production, seems to be guided by the materialism and they seem to consciously promote material activities that would help to overcome the emerging new requirements of the increasing population.  This paper discusses that the most important feature that characterizes humanoids is their specific identity within a well defined societal framework. Although primary social identity of a male humanoid is gender specific and is followed by a distinct name by which he is addressed in the world, he is often bestowed with multiple social identities, some of which may acquire more forceful and intimidating perspective under certain given circumstances. The social identity seems to provide them with a distinct attribute and facilitates establishment of social status that physically represents him. Social identity of humanoids are not only vital representation of his self but it is also medium that significantly contributes to a knowledge base that others can instantly access to have a general idea of their orientation towards conflicts and other relevant issues.  The humanoids have also a well defined division of labor that is dependent on the predefined constraints of the material conditions that determine the productions.  Marx’s report has been most emphatic on the visible ‘culture’.

Childhood trauma and Resiliency Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Childhood trauma and Resiliency - Research Paper Example During the aftermath of these events, it is possible that the children cannot sustain psychological well-being. Situations that do not result in a child’s capacity to successfully deal with a traumatic experience could be due to the risk factors that lead to a more difficult recovery (Applied Research and Consulting, LLC et al., 2002). Among the major factors that influence a child’s success in dealing with the trauma are: (1) being a direct witness to the traumatic event, (2) involvement or exposure of a family member to the event, (3) having members of the family dying during such an event, (4) already having a previous mental or psychological problem and (5) having no support network. After traumatic events, some children may require the help of professionals in order to deal with the adverse effects. Children who have faced adverse and traumatic events could go the probabilistic path towards failure and disruption in performance of developmental tasks that increase psychopathology and maladaptation (Cicchetti, 2002). However, not all children who faced trauma, as in the case of abused and neglected children, develop maladaptation. Some children are able to effectively cope and successfully perform the developmental tasks that are required for their age. With time, acute distress could disappear; children cope and grow into competent adults. Many children have risen out of adversity to become highly successful and well-adjusted, leading responsible and fulfilling lives. These children have made the best out of adversity. Some face their trauma head-on, make the most of their lives, and positively influence other people’s lives. Success in the face of adversity has been attributed the development and prevalence of resilience. Resilience is a form of human adaptation arising from mechanisms that result in improving children’s capacity to adapt and cope with traumatic stress and adversity. Resilience has been

The Last Storyteller Essay Example for Free

The Last Storyteller Essay Before the Europeans colonized America different tribes of Native Americas appointed storytellers to keep the tribes history alive. In â€Å"This Is What It Means to Say Phoenix, Arizona†, by Sherman Alexie an odd boy named Thomas Builds-the-Fire holds the title of storyteller. This short story is about a journey Thomas takes with his old friend Victor to claim Victor’s father’s ashes from Phoenix, Arizona and bring them back to their reservation in Spokane. The story ultimately portrays the strain between Victors and Thomas’s friendship. Alexie uses Thomas and his friendship with Victor to show that not everyone conforms to what we call the social norms. Thomas Builds-the-Fire is different from the other boys from his reservation. In the opening scene Victor is standing in line at the trading post. He has a hundred dollar check in hand to cover travel expenses to find his father when he notices Thomas at a magazine rack. When Thomas approaches Victor and they start a conversation about his father. All the Indians at the trading post are surprised Victor is actually talking with him. In â€Å"This Is What It Means to Say Phoenix, Arizona† perspective is shown by â€Å"All the other Indians stared, surprised that Victor was even talking to Thomas. Nobody talked to Thomas anymore because he told the same damn stories over and over again† (Alexie 171). This is when we first find out that Thomas is not accepted by his by his own people and is considered an outsider. Thomas is not taken seriously and is not listened too because he enjoys recounting story’s of his tribes past. Thomas makes a proposition to Victor agreeing to help with expenses for his journey to reclaim his father’s ashes if he is allowed to come. Victor reluctantly agrees to Thomas’s terms. The boys sat next to each other on the flight along with a tiny white woman who had the window seat. Thomas begins a conversation with the woman despite Victor’s embarrassment. In â€Å"This Is What It Means to Say Phoenix, Arizona† character is shown by â€Å"â€Å"Excuse me, miss,† Thomas asked. â€Å"Are you a gymnast or something†Ã¢â‚¬  (Alexie 173)? Thomas is out spoken and is not afraid of being embarrassed unlike Victor who is sitting quietly hoping Thomas will stop. Victor eventually chimes in at the end but it is Thomas’s outspokenness that started the conversation. In this scene not only does the author show that Thomas is different but that the gymnast is unusual as well. In â€Å"This Is What It Means to Say Phoenix, Arizona† charact er is shown by â€Å"She was busy twisting her body into pretzels. She was flexible† (Alexie 173). Most people on an airplane would find it a bit uncomfortable to be sitting next to someone contorting their body! Once Thomas and Victor had reclaimed Victor’s dad’s ashes they drove to the bank and retrieved the three hundred-dollars from his fathers account. While on the road back to there hometown Spokane Victor recounts the story of when Thomas flew. In â€Å"This Is What It Means to Say Phoenix, Arizona† perspective is shown when â€Å"Once, he jumped off the roof of the tribal school and flapped his arms like a crazy eagle. And he flew. For a second he hovered, suspended above all the other Indian boys, who were too smart or to scared to jump too† (Alexie 175). Thomas fell and broke his arm in two places, but Thomas did what no other boy would do, even though they all wished too. This is not something many people would do but the author uses this to show that Thomas is not swayed by other people’s opinions. While the boys drive through Nevada the landscape is described. In â€Å"This Is What It Means to Say Phoenix, Arizona† setting is shown when â€Å"Thomas and Victor had been amazed at the lack of animal life, at the absence of water, of movement† (Alexie 176). The setting of Nevada is desolate and baron of life. There are rarely any animals that are seen during the day. Since Nevada is one big desert most of the animals are nocturnal they come out after the sun has set and the oppressive heat has resided. The symbol of the Nevada desert is used to describe the feeling of being alone. The setting is used to show the feeling of being alone and how both boys are experiencing it. Alexia succeeds in portraying a message about not conforming to social norms in her short story â€Å"This Is What It Means to Say Phoenix, Arizona†. Through out the story Thomas shows that he is different and that he isn’t going to change for anybody. Thomas despite being faced with many hardships, judgments, torments and even being beat up never faltered in his beliefs. Being different and not conforming the social norms is not an easy thing for people to do and this is what Alexia was trying to portray.

Searching for the Perfect World in Literature :: Granny Weatherall Raven Candide

Searching for the Perfect World in Literature Literature often explores the questions raised in life: Who are we? What does it mean to die? What kind of world do we live in? Throughout this course, there seems to have been an underlying theme in most of the works that have been read, concerning human misery. It seems that most of those who experience tremendous suffering, actually allow it to happen to themselves. If one chooses to look at the losses in life, one may never find true happiness, but if one chooses to perceive those losses as an opportunity for growth, one may find the "perfect world" right here. In Poe’s, "The Raven," this idea is supported. As the poem demonstrates, one may torture himself into a life of melancholy and madness if one focuses on the losses in life. The thoughts of Lenore would not go away for him. By focusing on what he did not have, rather than what he did, he went mad. The raven answers his self-destroying questions until ultimately it becomes a permanent fixture in the room -- a symbol of the narrator's self-inflicted mental and spiritual collapse. Rather than to accept the loss and move on, he focused on what did not have and would nevar have. Therefore, he did not find the perfect world, but rather a hell on Earth. Perhaps people are faced with these experiences as tests. Our own reaction to it determines whether we pass or fail. Do we appreciate what we do have and learn from the experience or do we feel sorry for ourselves and let it drag us down? Granny Weatherall is an example of someone who let it drag her down. For 60 years she had pined over the loss of George and it made her miserable. She never stopped to look and see what was already there in her life. John was not a bad husband, but she did not even notice because she was still focusing on the loss of being jilted by George. She overlooked any good things In her life because of this misery. Something that happened 60 years ago haunted her for every day of her miserable life (because she allowed it to), until it eventually killed her.

For Using Irregular Verbs Understand the Problem

R U L E S For Using Irregular Verbs Understand the problem. All verbs, whether regular or irregular, have five forms [often called principal parts]. These forms are the infinitive, simple present, simple past, past participle, and present participle. The difference between a regular and an irregular verb is the formation of the simple past and past participle. Regular verbs are dependably consistent—the simple past ends in ed as does the past participle. Check out this chart. Infinitive to laugh to start to wash to wink Simple Present laugh(s) start(s) wash(es) wink(s) Simple Past laughed started washed winked Past Participle laughed started washed winked Present Participle laughing starting washing winking Irregular verbs, on the other hand, can end in a variety of ways, with absolutely no consistent pattern. Here are some examples: Infinitive to drive to feel to put to swim Simple Present drive(s) feel(s) put(s) swim(s) Simple Past drove felt put swam Past Participle driven felt put swum Present Participle driving feeling putting swimming Writers make two frequent errors with irregular verbs: either adding an incorrect ed to the end of an irregular verb or accidentally interchanging the simple past and past participle. Read this sentence: Olivia feeled like exercising yesterday, so she putted on her bathing suit and drived to the YMCA, where she swum so far that only an extra large pepperoni pizza would satisfy her hunger. What are the problems with this sentence? First, feeled should be felt. Next, putted needs to be put. The correct past tense form of drive is drove. And we must change swum to swam. Know the solution. To avoid making mistakes with irregular verbs, learn the very long chart below. Infinitive to arise to awake to be to bear to beat to become to begin to bend to bet to bid (to offer) to bid (to command) to bind to bite to blow to break to bring to build to burst to buy to cast to catch to choose to cling o come to cost to creep to cut to deal to dig to dive to do to draw to drink to drive to eat to fall to feed to feel to fight to find to flee Simple Present arise(s) awake(s) am, is, are bear(s) beat(s) become(s) begin(s) bend(s) bet(s) bid(s) bid(s) bind(s) bite(s) blow(s) break(s) bring(s) build(s) burst(s) buy(s) cast(s) catch(es) choose(s) cling(s) come(s) cost(s) creep(s) cut(s) deal(s) dig(s) dive(s) do(es) draw(s) drink(s) drive(s) eat(s) fall(s) feed(s) feel(s) fight(s) find(s) flee(s) Simple Past arose Past Participle arisen awaked or awoke or awaked awoken was, were been bore borne or born beat beaten became become began begun bent bent bet bet bid bid bade bound bit blew broke brought built burst bought cast caught chose clung came cost crept cut dealt dug dived or dove did drew drank drove ate fell fed felt fought found fled bidden bound bitten or bit blown broken brought built burst bought cast caught chosen clung come cost crept cut dealt dug dived done drawn drunk driven eaten fallen fed felt fought found fled Present Participle arising awaking being bearing beating becoming beginning bending betting bidding bidding binding biting blowing breaking bringing building bursting buying casting catching choosing clinging coming costing creeping cutting dealing digging diving doing drawing drinking driving eating falling feeding feeling fighting finding fleeing Infinitive to fling to fly to forbid to forget to forgive to forsake to freeze to get to give to go to grow to hang (to suspend) to have to hear to hide to hit to hurt to keep to know to lay to lead to leap to leave to lend to let to lie (to rest or recline) to light to lose to make to mean to pay to prove to quit to read to rid to ride to ring to rise to run Simple Present fling(s) flies, fly forbid(s) forget(s) forgive(s) forsake(s) freeze(s) get(s) give(s) go(es) grow(s) hang(s) has, have hear(s) hide(s) hit(s) hurt(s) keep(s) know(s) lay(s) lead(s) leap(s) leave(s) lend(s) let(s) lie(s) light(s) lose(s) make(s) mean(s) pay(s) prove(s) quit(s) read(s) rid(s) ride(s) ring(s) rise(s) run(s) Simple Past Past Participle lung flung flew flown forbade or forbad forbidden forgotten or forgot forgot forgave forgiven forsook forsaken froze frozen got got or gotten gave given went gone grew grown hung had heard hid hit hurt kept knew laid led leaped or leapt left lent let lay lighted or lit lost made meant paid proved quit read rid rode rang rose ran hung had heard hidden hit hurt kept known laid led leaped or leapt left lent let lain lighted or lit lost made meant paid proved or proven quit read rid ridden rung risen run Present Participle flinging flying forbidding forgetting forgiving forsaking freezing getting giving going growing hanging having hearing hiding hitting hurting keeping knowing laying leading leaping leaving lending letting lying lighting losing making meaning paying proving quitting reading ridding riding ringing rising running Infinitive to say to see to seek to send to set to shake to shine (to glow) to shoot to show to shrink to sing to sink to sit to slay to sleep to sling to sneak to speak to spend to spin to spring to stand to steal to sting to stink to stride to strike to strive to swear to sweep to swim to swing to take to teach to tear to tell to think to throw to understand to wake Simple Present say(s) see(s) seek(s) send(s) set(s) shake(s) shine(s) shoot(s) show(s) shrink(s) sing(s) sink(s) sit(s) slay(s) sleep(s) sling(s) sneak(s) speak(s) spend(s) spin(s) spring(s) stand(s) steal(s) sting(s) stink(s) stride(s) strike(s) strive(s) swear(s) sweep(s) swim(s) swing(s) take(s) teach(es) tear(s) tell(s) think(s) throw(s) understand(s) wake(s) Simple Past said saw sought sent set shook shone shot showed shrank sang sank or sunk sat slew slept slung sneaked or snuck spoke spent spun sprang or sprung stood stole stung stank or stunk strode struck strove swore swept swam swung took taught tore told thought threw understood woke or waked Past Participle said seen sought sent set shaken shone Present Participle saying seeing seeking sending setting shaking shining hot shooting shown or showed showing shrunk shrinking sung singing sunk sinking sat sitting slain slaying slept sleeping slung slinging sneaked or sneaking snuck spoken speaking spent spending spun spinning sprung springing stood standing stolen stealing stung stinging stunk stinking stridden striding struck striking striven striving sworn swearing swept sweeping swum swimming swung swinging taken taking taught teaching torn tearing told telling thought thinking thrown throwing understood understanding waked or woken waking Infinitive to wear to wring to write Simple Present wear(s) wring(s) write(s) Simple Past wore wrung wrote Past Participle worn wrung written Present Participle wearing wringing writing In addition to learning the chart above, you must also understand the difference between the simple past and past participle. A simple past tense verb always has just one part. You need no auxiliary verb to form this tense. Look at these examples: Because dinner time was near, my dog Oreo bit the spine of Moby Dick and pulled the novel off of my lap. Because Denise had ignored bills for so long, she wrote out checks for an hour straight. Despite the noise, jolts, and jerks, Alex slept so soundly on the city bus that he missed his stop. Many multipart verbs, however, require the past participle after one or more auxiliary verbs. Read these sentences: Raymond had bitten into the muffin before Charise mentioned that it was her infamous chocolate-broccoli variety. had = auxiliary verb; bitten = past participle Once Woody has written his essay for Mr. Stover, he plans to reward himself with a packet of Twinkies. has = auxiliary verb; written = past participle Cynthia might have slept better if she hadn't watched The Nightmare on Elm Street marathon on HBO. ight, have = auxiliary verbs; slept = past participle For regular verbs, knowing the distinction between the simple past and past participle is unnecessary because both are identical. Check out these two sentences: Diane giggled as her beagle Reliable pushed his cold wet nose into her stomach, searching for cookie crumbs. giggled = simple past Until the disapproving Mrs . Wittman elbowed Latoya in the ribs, the young girl had giggled without stop at the toilet paper streamer attached to Principal Clemens’s shoe. ad = auxiliary verb; giggled = past participle When you choose an irregular verb for a sentence, however, the simple past and past participle are often different, so you must know the distinction. Here are two examples: Essie drove so cautiously that traffic piled up behind her, causing angry drivers to honk their horns and shout obscenities. drove = simple past Essie might have driven faster if she hadn't forgotten her glasses and saw more than big colored blurs through the windshield. might, have = auxiliary verbs; driven = past participle In addition, past participles can function as adjectives in sentences, describing other words. When you use a past participle in this manner, you must choose the correct form. Read these sentences: The calculus exams given by Dr. Ribley are so difficult that his students believe their brains will burst. Delores discovered the stolen bologna under the sofa, guarded fiercely by Max, her Chihuahua. The written reprimand so shamed poor Pablo that he promised his boss never to throw another scoop of ice cream at a customer again. Remember that you can always consult a dictionary when you have a question about the correct form of an irregular verb. Â ©1997 – 2010 by Robin L. Simmons All Rights Reserved.

Pros and Cons in Teenage Pregnancy

How to prevent teen pregnancy has been a question for many years. Many people take having a baby as a joke. Getting pregnant and having a child involves many prose and cons. In the prevention of teen pregnancy there are many things that can be helpful. There are also other helpful ways to prevent teen pregnancy, such as sex education and birth control. All of these things are essential in the prevention of teen pregnancy. Refraining from sexual activities is a great way to prevent teen pregnancy, and the risk of getting a disease. In the past years less sex and more condoms use has meant lower rates of teenage pregnancy and sexually transmitted disease. Most teens have sex because of their friends being sexually active. The percentage of sexually active males declined from 57.4 percent to 48.8 percent, essentially erasing the gender gap. A National Survey of Family Growth stated that teens are having less sex. Avoiding sex and learning more about sex are good ways to assure your knowledge and decrease teen pregnancy. Traditionally children have received information about sexuality from their parents, church, friends, their doctors, and many other people. Many young teens learn about their bodies first. Many people believe that sex education being taught in schools assures children of correct and complete information about sexuality. Sex education starts in the primaries and continues through the secondary school. At the primary school stage, sex education teaches children about their bodies and attempts to promote a whole attitude towards the self-development process. During these years teachers attempt to correct any false ideas children may have learned about sex. At the beginning of secondary school teachers try to prepare students for puberty. For example, the children learn about nocturnal emissions, menstruation and changes that will take place in their bodies, they also learn and study reproduction. Further up the school, most young adult†s interest in sex increases, so they learn more about responsibility, and having relationships between members of the opposite sex. In secondary school, pupils learn more about the social and psychological aspects of sexuality. Many other subjects come up at this time in a teenager†s life, such as marriage, abortion, homosexuality, birth control, and other topics. Sex education is very importance to the teenage generation. Birth control is the control of birth or of childbearing by deliberate measures to control or prevent conception, contraception. An understanding of birth control requires some knowledge of human reproduction. Sexually, coming from a man millions of sperm are released into the woman's vagina. If an egg is there sperm travelling through a woman's fallopian tube will be fertilised by the sperm. Most birth control methods are made to prevent contraceptives. The most effective contraceptive method is surgical sterilisation. In many developing nations hormone drugs are injected into the body. Studies show that those methods are becoming effective, because the teenage pregnancy rate has dropped by 11%. Birth control is important to teenagers, and they should be used if a teen should become sexually active. Parents should remember to teach their children about birth control always, just in case a teenager should become curious and decide to have sex. In conclusion a teen pregnancy has a hard effect on society, in many ways. Most teen pregnancies were not planned. Surveys say about 65% of teen pregnancy's were not even discussed with their sexual partners. All of the other percentage of teen pregnancy's were not planned either, but it had been discussed with the teenagers sexual partner at some point in time. Most teenagers begin having sex without knowing the consequences. Teenagers need to take responsibility and remember to keep safe, because there are various ways to prevent teen pregnancy, for example abstinence, sex education, and various types of birth control.

Angiosperms - Definition and Examples

Angiosperms s Angiosperms, or flowering plants, are the most numerous of all the divisions in the Plant Kingdom. With the exception of extreme habitats, angiosperms populate every land biome and aquatic community. They are a major food source for animals and humans, and are a major economic source for the production of various commercial products. Angiosperms differ from non-vascular plants in that they have a vascular transport system for moving water and nutrients to various parts of the plant. Flowering Plant Parts The parts of a flowering plant are characterized by two basic systems: a root system and a shoot system. The root system is typically below ground and serves to acquire nutrients and anchor the plant in the soil. The shoot system consists of the stems, leaves, and flowers. These two systems are connected by vascular tissue. Vascular tissues called xylem and phloem are composed of specialized plant cells that run from the root through the shoot. They transport water and nutrients throughout the plant. Leaves are an important component of the shoot system as they are the structures through which plants acquire nutrition by photosynthesis. Leaves contain organelles called chloroplasts that are the sites of photosynthesis. Gas exchange needed for photosynthesis occurs through the opening and closing of tiny leaf pores called stomata. The ability of angiosperms to shed their foliage helps the plant to conserve energy and reduce water loss during cold, dry months. The flower, also a component of the shoot system, is responsible for seed development and reproduction. There are four main flower parts in angiosperms: sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels.  After pollination, the plant carpel develops into fruit. Both flowers and fruit are often colorful in order to attract pollinators and animals that eat  fruit. As the fruit is consumed, the seeds pass through the animals digestive tract and are deposited at a distant location. This allows angiosperms to spread and populate various regions. Woody and Herbaceous Plants Angiosperms can be woody or herbaceous. Woody plants contain secondary tissue (bark) that surrounds the stem. They can live for several years. Examples of woody plants include trees and some shrubs. Herbaceous plants lack woody stems and are classified as annuals, biennials, and perennials. Annuals live for one year or season, biennials live for two years, and perennials come back year after year for many years. Examples of herbaceous plants include beans, carrots and corn. Angiosperm Life Cycle Angiosperms grow and reproduce by a process called alternation of generations. They cycle between an asexual phase and a sexual phase. The asexual phase is called the sporophyte generation as it involves the production of spores. The sexual phase involves the production of gametes and is called the gametophyte generation. Male and female gametes develop within the plant flower. The male microspores are contained within pollen and develop into sperm. Female megaspores develop into egg cells in the plant ovary. Angiosperms rely on the wind, animals, and insects for pollination. Fertilized eggs develop into seeds and the surrounding plant ovary becomes the fruit. Fruit development distinguishes angiosperms from other flowering plants called gymnosperms. Monocots and Dicots Angiosperms can be divided into two main classes depending on seed type. Angiosperms with seeds that possess two seed leaves after germination are called dicots (dicotyledons). Those with a single seed leaf are called monocots (monocotyledons).  These plants also differ in the structure of their roots, stems, leaves, and flowers. Roots Stems Leaves Flowers Monocots Fibrous (branching) Complex arrangement of vascular tissue Parallel veins Multiples of 3 Dicots Taproot (single, primary root) Ring arrangement of vascular tissue Branching veins Multiples of 4 or 5 Monocots and Dicots Examples of monocots include grasses, grains, orchids, lilies, and palms. Dicots include trees, shrubs, vines, and most fruit and vegetable plants. Key Takeaway: Angiosperms Angiosperms are plants that produce flowers. Flowering plants also produce fruit which covers and protects angiosperm seeds.Angiosperms are organized into a root system and a shoot system. The supportive roots are below ground. The shoot system is composed of the stems, leaves, and flowers.Two types of angiosperms are woody and herbaceous plants. Woody plants include trees and some shrubs. Herbaceous plants include beans and corn.Angiosperms cycle between an asexual phase and a sexual phase by the process of alternation of generations.  Angiosperms are classified as either monocots or dicots depending on seed type. Monocots include grasses, grains, and orchids. Dicots include trees, vines, and fruit plants. Sources Klesius, Michael. The Big Bloom-How Flowering Plants Changed the World. National Geographic, National Geographic, 25 Apr. 2016, www.nationalgeographic.com/science/prehistoric-world/big-bloom/.  Tree of Life Angiosperms. Flowering Plants. Tree of Life Web Project, tolweb.org/Angiosperms.

Important Cover Letter Trends in 2017 That Will Help Your Job Search

Important Cover Letter Trends in 2017 That Will Help Your Job Search One must never underestimate the importance of a good cover letter. Once you’ve got your resume in shape, this should be your main focus in job searching. A good cover letter can get you through a door that your resume couldn’t. So sit down, and start writing to impress. You probably already know the basics:Keep your letter to one page. Remember, you only have about 10 seconds to get HR’s attention.Give them a sense of who you are, first and foremost, both as a person and a candidate.Encourage readers to consult your resume- so they’ll see that the skills listed in the job post match yours. And remember not to focus too much on your duties, but on selling yourself as a candidate.Write a brand new letter for every single application.Get your reader’s attention in the first two sentences. Include as many keywords as you can cram in reasonably and convincingly; this lets them know that you are hip to the lingo of the job and of the industry.Use the ter minology when you can. Repeat the exact job description language wherever possible.In addition to the usual tricks, there are several trends every year in what’s in or out in the world of cover letters. Here are some things to keep in mind for 2017:1. Body copy is the new cover letter.If you’re submitting through an online site, remember that if your resume gets auto-screened and dumped, your cover letter will get dumped right along with it. Do everything you can to send your job materials to a hiring manager directly via email. That way you can use your cover letter as the body text of your email, and ensure it will be read.2. Include contact info.Sometimes it is possible to get hired without a resume. If this is the case, remember to always include your contact information in a footer- in your email or your cover letter itself. That way a hiring manager can always get in touch with you.3. Be specific.Keep in mind exactly who you are addressing your letter to and addr ess it to them by name. Also be very clear on the position you are applying for, and make sure your letter reflects this specificity. One candidate. One letter. One job.4. Check it twice.Tolerance for spelling and grammar mistakes is on the wane. Make spell check and a good grammarian friend your ally. If you want your letter read, write it well. And keep it clean and mistake free.5. Don’t just regurgitate your resume.Make it new and fresh and really sell your candidacy to this particular decision-maker for this particular job.6. Focus outward.Too much personalization can be a bad thing. Remember to go through and edit for too many â€Å"I† statements. Put the focus a little bit more on them, not on you. It’ll be obvious who is writing the letter; you don’t need to hammer that one home. They know who you are and that you want them to hire you. Concentrate instead on how you are ideally suited to helping the company meet their needs and goals. Show how you r skills and experience are valuable to them. Put their needs first.7. Be clear.Err on the side of clarity. Don’t try to get too cute or fancy. Follow all the rules above and make sure you’re still clearly and effectively communicating the requisite information, and you should be in good shape for a successful job search in the new year.

Critically discuss the importance, applicability and effectiveness of Essay

Critically discuss the importance, applicability and effectiveness of nurse leaders' use of the five major conflict resolution - Essay Example In contemporary healthcare settings, nurse leaders refer to every registered nurse including normal registered nurse, nurse supervisor, nurse unit manager, clinical nurse specialist, clinical nurse educator and director of nursing (Stanley, 2006). Nursing leadership involves the ability to build a vision that guides health career workers toward attaining the vision while maintaining collaboration, commitment and effectiveness in delivering excellent patient care (Bally, 2007). Once leaders understand the several approaches and reactions to conflict, helps them in being able to handle and deal with conflict better as it arises. Several experts identified ways in which people respond to conflict one of which is tool that identifies 5 ways people respond to conflict determined the need to maintain or improve relationship with others. Nursing profession bases on collaborative relations with colleagues and patients, which necessitates working closely with other people with various backgro unds and cultures. Diversity in individuals within the profession can potentially affect their relations resulting in conflict; however, good communication from nurse managers with conflict resolution skills significantly reduces risks of conflict. Management of conflict is essential for effective functioning of organizations; however, constructive and creative conflict management is a challenge and goal for professionals interested in assisting others and organizations. There is no single way to manage conflict; hence, it remains the responsibility of the individual and the group to be conscious of the problem in order to select the most appropriate strategies depending on the context within which the conflict emerged in managing it. Compromise is one of the main options described by various experts as a viable alternative to conflict situations, which means that everyone gets something out of a situation; hence, everyone gives up something and loses something. Compromise results f rom moderate concern for an individual as well as others and involves intermediate levels of assertion and cooperation (Al-Hamdan, 2009; Pavlakis et al, 2011). The approach aims at quick and mutually agreeable decisions that partially satisfy the concerned parties; therefore, compromise emerges when negotiation and interchange occurs, with each individual gaining something and giving up something in the process (Al?Hamdan, Shukri& Anthony, 2011). For example, this approach can be used when a nurse within a unit decides to leave early one day as a result of a personal matter. Therefore, the nurse manager can schedule for another nurse working night shift to arrive early and relieve the daytime nurse, this would result from a consideration that the daytime nurse would arrive early the following day and relieve the night shift nurse. Although compromise involves bargaining that often results in less-than-ideal solutions, the tactic remains useful in attaining temporary settlement for c omplex issue and also offers a quick fix when time is crucial. As well, the approach is useful in issues that are mild or of moderate importance; for instance, it is not necessary to compromise the issue of patient safety. Compromising is crucial in instances where goals are important and not worth major disruption and as a backup in case collaboration and

Plant and People Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Plant and People - Term Paper Example Opium poppy has both negative and positive effects of opium poppy upon human society (Chouvy, 2010). The negative effects of opium poppy include terrorism, wars, international politics, crime, addiction and dependence, health problems, and negative economic issues, and the positive effects include the manufacture of drugs and for homeopathy. Negative effects of opium poppy Terrorism Opium poppy is the source of opium, which is a narcotic drug. Narcotic drugs are illegal in most countries across the world (United Nations, 2009). Therefore, many countries consider the trading of narcotics as illegal and take actions against those individuals who take part in drug trafficking. However, violence, corruption, and subversion have increasingly impeded the international narcotics control efforts. Violence increases when efforts begin to have an effect on the trafficking operations (Davids, 2002). Various countries have put more effort towards identifying those groups and individuals who atte mpt to undermine the struggle against trafficking of narcotics. Such groups can include those groups, which finance their terrorist actions through profits they acquire from the narcotics trade; groups that actively engage themselves in narcotics trafficking and use terrorist activities to sustain or enhance their positions; and groups that the narcotics traffickers organize randomly to resort to terrorist activities and violence to enhance and protect their criminal enterprise. Most of the countries that produce narcotics have political insurgents, who quite often use terrorist techniques and have become involved indirectly or directly with production and trafficking of narcotics (Davids, 2002). There are close relationships between narcotics trafficking, terrorist groups, and arms smuggling, especially in the Middle East. According to Davids (2002), there is some evidence of state-sponsored trafficking of narcotics. In a few cases, the further evidence is that some of the communis t nations have engaged to some extent in facilitating the trafficking of narcotics. Terrorism refers to the use of violence or threats to apply violence as a political weapon to attain control, to influence government policy, or to destabilize and overthrow governments (Davids, 2002). The legal definition of terrorism may not be precise in describing narcotics traffickers and their organizations. However, the tactics they employ at times are equal to, or exceed those tactics that terrorist organizations use. Most of the groups involved with narcotics production or trafficking do not meet the traditional or legal definitions of "terrorists" or "insurgents," the fact is that the use of planned, high-threat, sophisticated violence to accomplish their goals, even without a political agenda, is terrorism (Davids, 2002). Furthermore, the increasing use of violence against international narcotics control efforts, irrespective of the source as well as the dealing in narcotics for firearms a nd the financing of political insurgencies and terrorists through illegal narcotics activities, pose grievous threats to the national security of the narcotics producing countries and to the prospects for effective international narcotics control. Prostitution, Robbery, and Thievery The incidents of

Wachovia Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Wachovia - Research Paper Example All the major cause will be expansively presented in this paper. The valuable lessons learnt from the crisis will also be thrown light upon in this paper. Wachovia, Bear Stearns, AIG, Lehmann Brothers, Northern Rock, Goldman Sachs are some elite names that suffered the most because of the economic crisis also known as recession. Wachovia was once the fourth largest bank in America but it could not sustain the wrath of recession and was taken over by Wells Fargo in the year 2008. Lehmann brothers filed for bankruptcy while AIG and a few other elites just hung in there with the skin of their teeth. This economic crisis is still having repercussions on countries like Greece and Spain; the whole of Euro Zone is facing a financial turmoil. There are a few other countries that have been not so severely affected by the same. The crisis triggered off because of unchecked debt, banks kept issuing loans to people who invested heavily in buying assets, several things were taken for granted but when proved otherwise there was hardly a place in the world to hide. Overvaluation in real estate is perhaps the biggest cause of the current economic crisis, it is better known as the subprime crisis in the US. The likes of Lehmann Brothers and other financial services went bust because they kept issuing credit to the people who thought the property price would increase and they would be easily able to pay off the debt that they are borrowing. It did not turn out that way and there was a short of equity, this is exactly why the financial institutions went bankrupt. The overvaluation is the biggest factor that caused the current economic crisis. Factors like bad income tax practices have added insult to injury, bad mortgage lending also contributed heavily to this current economic crisis. â€Å"The way to address the root cause is to let house prices drop to where an average house is within the means of an average household.   (Or, alternatively, boost the income of the average h ousehold to the point that they can afford an average house.   But that's very hard.   Letting houses prices go on falling, although painful for everyone who owns a house or who has lent money to someone who owns a house, is very easy.)† (Root Cause of the Financial Crisis) The UK housing market was also greatly affected because of recession. The impact of the global economic crisis on UK property companies was dire. Previously well performing firms in terms of turnover and profits experienced drastic falls in profits and even losses. Tightened lending conditions and dips in confidence in the UK housing sector translated to inactivity in business and thus reduced turnovers, hindered growth and difficult operations. In the general pattern as the rest of the economy, property firms found it untenable to maintain workforce numbers as lack of activity and the heavy toll of remuneration on available resources. Reduced spending propensities and the lack of credit in the housing sector left most of these companies’ futures hanging in the balance. There is also the question of how the entire properties sector and the property companies have set out to recover from the economic crisis. Concerns also arise in terms of how well the instituted strategies can buffer such firms against an occurrence of another financial downturn in the future. The content analysis reveals that the property companies went through severe impacts on their management dispositions as well as on their employees. The managers were

Jerusalem And The Temple Mount Religion Essay

Jerusalem And The Temple Mount Religion Essay The history of the city of Jerusalem is filled with violence and conflict. According to the Jewish Torah and the Old Testament of the Christian bible, Jerusalem was the capital of the Kingdom of Judah, which was predicted to at one time have been united with the Kingdom of Israel. Around 600 BCE the nation of Babylon conquered Judah and destroyed Jerusalem; including the sacred Temple of the Lord that King Solomon had built there, and took its people captive. It wasnt until decades after the Babylonians had plundered the city that the Jewish people were allowed to return to their home land and rebuild their once glorious city (Gascoigne, 2001). About 80 years later Jerusalem once again became the capital of Judah and the temple was reconstructed. Jerusalem was captured by the Greeks under Alexander the Great in 312 BCE and nearly a century later the Babylonians once again took over the city, this time under the rule of commander-in-chief, Seleucus. By 19 BCE the Roman empire had gained control of the area and set Harod the Great as client King over Jerusalem, under their control. Harod rebuilt the Temple of the Lord after it had lay in ruins for centuries and renamed it the Second Temple. After the death of Harod in 4 CE the Romans implemented direct rule over the city. In 66 CE, after decades of living under the authoritarian rule of the Roman Empire, the Jews rebelled. Their plight for freedom didnt last long and four years later Rome came in and pillaged the entire city and the Temple was once again destroyed. (CITATION) It was in the first century CE that the Christian bible records the death, resurrection, and ascension of Jesus Christ, the Messiah according to the Christian faith. During the second century CE Roman Emperor Hadrian rebuilt the city as a pagan city. Before Hadrians reign, the Jews had been allowed to freely practice their religion; but Hadrians rules restricting worship lead to another rebellion in the city. Hadrian responded with a massacre that led to the death of nearly half a million Jews. The Jews were then forbidden to enter the city save for one day of the year, Tish BAv, a day which Jews set aside to mourn and fast in honor of both of the Temples that had been destroyed. Jerusalem was rebuilt as a Christian city in 335 CE by the Emperor Constantine, but the Jewish people were still not allowed entry. More than 300 years later the famous Muslim shrine, the Dome of the Rock, was built in Jerusalem on the Temple Mount, the predicted location of the first and second Temples. Thr ee centuries after the Dome was built the Al-qsa Mosque, a place of worship specifically for Muslim women, was constructed on the Temple Mount near the Dome. (CITATION) Jerusalem became the Kingdom of Jerusalem in the late 11th century, around the time of the Crusades-a set of several military campaigns that lasted more than a century that were first initiated by Christian Europeans as magnificent and general act(s) of repentant faith that would culminate in the moral reform and total renewal of Christendom (Merton, 2008). Jerusalem, an important religious and historic site to Christians, Muslims, and Jews, had been captured by the Muslims and was under their rule. For the English, who were dominantly Christian, this was an abomination. It was in nearby Bethlehem that they believed the Christian Messiah, Jesus, was born, and it was in Jerusalem that he was crucified by the Jews, resurrected three days later, and then ascended into heaven before the eyes of his disciples and other followers. In the year 1095 Pope Urban II presented his idea of a Church reform (Knox) to France; he proposed that they take up arms against the Muslim Turkish Ottomans who controlled Jerusalem and save the city from Muslim control. The First Crusade began in 1097 and two years later the European army finally reached Jerusalem where, after the battle, there was a recorded 70,000 Muslim casualties. (CITATION) There were several other crusades that took place after that and the conquests lasted until the year 1291 (Knox). During this time, Jerusalem was controlled several different nations. The Sultan of Damascus razed the city and destroyed the city walls in 1219 and two decades later, after Frederick II of Germany rebuilt them, the emir of Kerak demolished them once again. The Christians conquered the city in 1243 and for the next 20 years, rule passed between the hands of the Khmarezmian Tatars, the Egyptians, and the Ottomans. Unlike under the ruling of the Tatars and the Egyptians, however, the Ottomans introduced peace back into the city. Jews, Christians and Muslims were granted freedom and were allowed to worship as they desired, in peace, alongside one another. Religious freedom was once again allowed in the city and soon after, the Kingdom of Jerusalem fell. After the Crusades, Christians started migrating to the city in order to rebuild it and salvage its history. They built chu rches throughout the city and converted the Muslim shrines and mosques, including the Dome of the Rock and the Al-Aqsa Mosque. During the 1800s the Ottoman Empire began to decline. Jerusalems population, made up of Jews, Christians, Muslims, and Armenians, did not exceed 8,000 people. The current Israeli-Palestinian conflict in the middle east can trace its beginning back to this time when Jewish immigrants started to arrive from Eastern Europe and other areas of the middle east and European nations sought control of the city. Christian churches were facing a time of religious reform and sent missionaries to the Jerusalem. In addition to the sudden flood of Jews, Europeans, and Christians, archaeologists were also interested in the city for its fascinating history of destruction and war and began flocking to Jerusalem on expeditions. The Muslim Turkish Ottomans had controlled the majority of the Middle East for centuries but in the early 1900s they declared a military jihad with France, Russians, and Great Britain (Woodward, 2009). In 1917 the British defeated the Ottomans and took control of Jerusalem. The Old City of Jerusalem became an ancient community filled with poverty and the New City, located outside the old walls, became the life of Jerusalem. Violence in the city became the norm as the Arabs began to face anxiety over the new British rule and flood of Jewish immigrants. By 1947 the United Nations suggested that the city should go under international administration and a year later the British left Jerusalem (CITATION). In 1948 the Arab-Israeli war began and residents of several Arab villages were misplaced and massacres occurred throughout the city. The city was divided when the New City joined the state of Israel and the Old City was annexed. By 1950, only a century after Jerusalems population was str uggling to meet 8,000 people, the city became the capital of Israel and was the most populous city in the country. (CITATION). (TRANSITION) Today conflict continues to plague the city; just as violence ruled the city in King Davids time, during the crusades, and throughout the 20th century, confrontation continues today amongst the three religions, especially between Muslims and Jews. The famous religious and historical site the Temple Mount is the center for much of this conflict. As stated, the site is sacred to both Islam and Judaism and both religions want reign over the area. Although Israel currently controls the city, the Temple Mount is not completely in the possession of the government; as a highly respected and desired site for so many different people, the Mount cannot stay completely in the control of any one religious group, nor can it really be shared amongst them. The Temple Mount is usually open to visitors but recent restrictions were set on who was allowed to enter the site; these restrictions included not allowing entry to the site to men under 50 years old (Sharp, 2010). However, after a Palestinian r iot in the city, which resulted in the injuries of more than 100 people, including 14 Israeli troops, the restrictions were lifted (Israel relaxes). Another riot broke out recently when Arab youths targeted Jews praying at the Western Wall. According to an article in the Jewish Telegraph Agency (JTA), the violence occurred after an Islamic imam encouraged Muslims to secure and protect sacred Islamic ground including the Temple Mount (Temple Mount reopened, 2010). Muslims have considered the site of the Temple Mount to be sacred since the prophet Muhammad wrote about his Night Journey to Jerusalem which was said to have taken place in 619 CE. It is believed by Islamic tradition that God dictated The Quran, the holy book of Islam, to Muhammad. There is controversy regarding the interpretation of the Quran, but according to most all translations, the location of the Temple Mount is the exact place where Muhammad was brought by the angel Gabriel from the Muslim temple in Mecca on his famous Night Journey. The story continues on to say that the prophets Abraham, Moses and Jesus met him in Jerusalem and they prayed together. Muhammad was offered a drink of wine, milk, and in some translations, water, and he chose the milk. Gabriel then commended him for choosing the correct drink, which represented his choice to follow Islam, the correct religion. Muhammad ascended into heaven and met God face-to-face. Even with the controversy over the story of the Night Journey, the Temple Mount holds rich religious significance to the Islamic faith. The Dome of the Rock, which stands at the center of the Temple Mount, is an important place of worship to Muslims. The Dome was built around 690 AD by Abd al-Malik.(WHO IS HE?) .Tradition says that the Dome was built to commemorate Muhammads ascension into heaven after his night journey to Jerusalem (Quran 17). (Hayes, 2010). The Oxford Archaeological Guide to the Holy Land states that Maliks intentions were actually different; he wanted to show Christians and Jews that Islam was the superior faith (Hayes, 2010). The Dome is a beautiful site to come upon. The famous golden dome had originally been made purely out of gold but was later replaced by copper, then aluminum, and is now covered with gold leaf. Its exterior is decorated with beautiful Turkish tiles and gleaming white marble. The Dome is outlined with intricate inscriptions of verses from the Quran. The interior of the Dome is adorned with picturesque floral designs and other inscriptions apart from those quoting the Quran. The Dome of the Rock was designed as carefully as the Temple, as it is an important holy place for Muslims. AL AQSA MOSQUE The Mount also holds significant value to both the Jewish and Christian faiths. It is believed by both Jews and Christians that it was at Mount Moriah, where the Temple Mount is currently located, that God appeared to the prophet Abraham, an important religious figure to both religions. The significance of the site continues for both religions. In the Old Testament of the Christian Bible and in the Jewish Torah it is written that God gave Abraham a vision of a temple that was to later be built in honor of Him. This same vision was later given to King David who, according to biblical texts, was told by God that he was not fit to build a monument of peace so he passed the plans along to his son Solomon in order for him to build it. The temple was destroyed by the Babylonians rebuilt by Harod, and was destroyed once again by the Romans. The Western Wall, also known as the Wailing Wall, and the Temple Mount were the only two structures of the Temple to survive the Roman conquest and toda y both continue to be important religious symbols to the Jewish faith. The Temple Mount is located above the Kidron Valley and the Tyropoeon Valley, which are to the east and west of the Mount, respectively. At its peak the Mount is 2,428 feet above sea level. When Harod the Great rebuilt the Temple in 20 BCE he increased the plateau of the Mount by surrounding it with four enormous walls and filling in the spaces left behind. After the expansion the total area of the Mount increased to about 35.5 acres. It is the southern wall where the Western Wall, an important landmark to the Jewish faith, is located (CITATION). The locations of the First and Second Temples are predicted to be on top of one another (Dolphin, 1995). According to the Christian bible, the inner most room of the Temple of Solomon, the First Temple, was the Holy of Holies, a place where only the high priest was allowed to enter (1 Kings 6:16).The Holy of Holies contained the Ark of the Covenant, an important religious symbol to both Jews and Christians. 1 Kings 6:21,29-30 (1994) of the C hristian bible says that Solomon covered the inside of the temple with pure gold, and he extended gold chains across the front of the inner sanctuary, which was overlaid with goldOn the walls all around the temple, in both the inner and outer rooms, he carved cherubim, palm trees and open flowers. He also covered the floors of both the inner and outer rooms of the temple with gold. The next room was The Holy Place, and then beyond that were several courtyards; first a Court for the priests, then the Jews and women, then the gentiles. The order of the courtyards was key as they were built in the order of holiness of the people who were allowed to enter each one; the Jews believed that the priests were at a level higher than them and that the gentiles were a step lower. Solomon took great care in building the Temple and it is obvious to see that same respect relayed toward the site then is also given today by the Jewish people, even though the Temple is no longer standing. The exact position where the first and second temples of the Lord were built are unknown, but three main sites have been suggested by scholars, researchers, and archaeologists. The traditional site of the Temple is said to lie beneath or very near to the Moslem shrine known as the Dome of the Rock (Dolphin, 1995). Dr. Dan Bahat, a respected archaeologist in Jerusalem, defends this statement. The two other sites where the original temple also may have laid are known as the Northern Conjecture and the Southern Conjecture. The Northern Conjecture is located 330 feet north of the Dome of the Rock, a Muslim shrine located on the Temple Mount. According to the Arabs, the predicted temple site is under an area known as The Dome of the Tablets or The Dome of the Spirits (Dolphin, 1995). The Southern Conjecture is the newest addition to the predicted traditional temple sites and is located to the south of the Dome of the Rock. Today, some rabbis forbid Jews from even setting foot on the areab ecause as the site of the ancient Jewish temple it is considered holy ground (Sharp, 2010). TRANSITION ADD THIS TO DESCRIPTION OF JERUSALEM: The geographical area known as Palestine sits next to the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River and is intertwined with Israel. The majority of Palestinians are Muslim by religion. The Palestinians have slowly been losing land to Israel and currently do not have a nation to call their own, although they have been advocating for statehood, with backing by the United States. Palestinian beliefs that they are being pushed out of the Old City are at the center of the fears of the will-be state. Palestine wants Jerusalem to be its capital when it is finally given independence as its own country, but because of its history, Israel is not so willing to give it up. Violence between Israelis and Palestinians regarding the site is almost a daily occurrence in Jerusalem and it does not appear to be ending any time soon. It seems as though any time Jews visit the Temple Mount, riots break out (Sharp, 2010). There is still frustration over regulations regard ing the Mount, as there have been laws issued abolishing non-Muslim prayer on the Mount. In court the state has argues that allowing Jewish prayer on the Mount would spark Muslim violence (Gershom, 2000). While this is highly likely, swindling the rights of the Jewish people does not appear to be the correct answer to the problem.

Symbols in The Scarlet Letter Essay examples -- essays research papers

Symbols in "The Scarlet Letter" In The Scarlet Letter, symbols appear everywhere. Hawthorne uses several different concrete objects to represent something of deeper meaning. Among these symbols is the scarlet letter "A" itself. It is made of red cloth and beautifully embroidered. It is a literal symbol of the sin of adultery. The letter "A" appears in several places and several forms. It is the letter that appears on Hester's heart that she is condemned to wear for the remainder of her life. At Governor Bellingham's mansion it is magnified in the breastplate. It seems as though she is hidden behind it. On the night that Dimmesdale stands on the scaffold with Hester and Pearl, a huge letter A appears in the sky. Later, while in the forest, Pearl arranges a letter a on her heart that is made of eel grass. One of the most dramatic of the A's that appear in the book is the A that appears on Dimmesdale's chest. Not only does the "A" symbolize adultery, but it also has several other meanings to the different characters a s well. To the community, it is simply a mark of punishment. To Hester, it is a mark of embarrassment and humiliation. To Dimmesdale, the scarlet letter is a reminder of his own guilt. To Pearl, the mark is a mysterious curiosity. To Chillingworth, the "A" is his chance to get revenge on Dimmesdale. Later, the letter symbolizes "Able" when Hester wins some respect from the townspeople. The scarlet letter is meant to be a symbol of shame, but instead it becomes a powerful symbol of identity to Hester. The letter's meaning shifts as time passes. Originally intended to mark Hester as an adulterer, the â€Å"A† eventually comes to stand for â€Å"Able.† Finally, it becomes indeterminate: the Native Americans who come to watch the Election Day pageant think it marks her as a person of importance and status. Like Pearl, the letter functions as a physical reminder of Hester's affair with Dimmesdale. But, compared with a human child, the letter seems insignificant, and thus helps to point out the ultimate meaninglessness of the community's system of judgment and punishment. The child has been sent from God, or at least from nature, but the letter is merely a human contrivance. Additionally, the instability of the letter's apparent meaning calls into question society's ability to use symbols for ideological reinforcement. More often than not, a symbol becomes. .. ... opposed to the strict Puritan community and laws. However, it is also a place where the witches come and sign their souls to the devil. Therefore, the forest can also symbolize darkness and evil Forest One of the most integral parts of the book, when Hester Prynne speaks to the Reverend Mr. Dimmesdale about their predicament, takes place in the forest. When reading the novel, it becomes increasingly apparent that there is a contrast between the forest and the town, as settings. The forest symbolizes a dark and mysterious place where impulses and urges reign and also where the goings-on are to be kept a secret. The forest is described as dismal, gloomy and full of shadows with an imposing, cloudy sky that is filled with threatening storms. When Dimmesdale and Hester first see each other, Hawthorne describes them as being "in the world beyond the grave, of two spirits who had intimately connected in their former life, but now stood coldly shuddering, in mutual dead". Also in the forest, Hester undid the clasp that fastened the scarlet letter, and, taking it from her bosom, threw it to a distance among the withered leaves....[and] took off the formal cap that confined her hair.

Lab Report Osmosis

The effect of osmosis on artificial cells with different concentrations of sucrose Alex McRae Biology 120-902 Grand Valley State University 1 Campus Drive Allendale, MI 49401 [email  protected] gvsu. edu Abstract In this study, we tested the validity of osmosis in artificial animal cells. Osmosis is the diffusion of free water across a membrane. The purpose of the study was to calculate the rate of osmosis in artificial cells containing different concentrations of sucrose and water.We studied the rate of osmosis in artificial cells by creating five different dialysis bags with different concentrations of both sucrose and water and calculating the cumulative change in weight ever 10 minutes for 90 minutes. Our results for the artificial cells showed different concentrations moved from high to low concentrations- through hypotonic movement or hypertonic movement. Introduction The main purpose of this paper is to assess the rate of change with osmosis for different concentrations of s ucrose in artificial cells.Since the human body is composed of trillions of cells that contain roughly 85% of water, makes osmosis a very important concept (Carmichael, Grabe and Wenger). The forces that affect osmosis are the concentrations of solutes surrounding the cell or inside of the cell. Water will then move across the cell membrane and create a balance of water between the cell and its environment (Reece et al. 133).In order to calculate the average rate of change for our artificial cells, we must understand tonicity as the ability of a nearby solution to cause a cell to lose or gain water, depending on its concentration of non-penetrating solutes relative to solutes inside the cell (Reece et al. 133). The dialysis bags used in this experiment have membranes which are selectively permeable, which only allows particles specifically small enough to pass through (Carmichael, Grabe and Wenger).In a hypotonic solution, water goes into the cell because the solute is more concentr ated inside the cell, while in a hypertonic solution, water moves out of the sell because the solute is more concentrated outside of the cell. We are testing the effect of osmosis on different concentrations of artificial cells by calculating the cumulative change in weight and the corrected cumulative changes in weight and by determining whether a solution is hypertonic, hypotonic or isotonic. We predicted that a dialysis bag holding tap water in a beaker also containing tap water is in an isotonic solution.While 20% sucrose, 40% sucrose and 60% sucrose in beakers containing tap water is considered hypotonic solutions. Lastly the dialysis bag holding tap water in a beaker containing 40% sucrose is a hypertonic solution. This will result in isotonic solutions remaining at the same weight, hypotonic solutions gaining weight and hypertonic solutions losing weight. We tested this by creating the five different dialysis bags with different concentrations of sucrose in order to measure t he weight change in grams of the bag after nine 10 minute increments. Methods and MaterialsThis experiment took place on Monday, February 6th, 2011. During this time, we tested the effects of different sucrose concentrations on the rate of osmosis in artificial cells we made with dialysis tubing. We studied five different dialysis bags containing 10mL of different concentrations of tap water and sucrose. Two contained tap water while three contained different concentrations of sucrose, varying from 20% to 60%. Each bag was placed in a beaker surrounded by either tap water or 40% sucrose. We began the experiment by soaking the dialysis tubes to prepare them for the sucrose concentrations they would be filled with.Taking each bag, two were filled with 10mL of tap water, one filled with 10mL of 20% sucrose, one with 10mL of 40% sucrose and another with 10mL of 60% sucrose. Each bag was clamped closed. All the bags were weighed before being placed in their corresponding beakers in order to record their initial weight in grams. The bags were put in their corresponding beakers, all of which contained tap water, except beaker #5 (tap water bag #5 was placed in beaker #5 which instead of holding water, was filled with 40% sucrose) concurrently, recording the time.In the same manner in which the bags were placed in the beakers simultaneously, remove the bags every 10 minutes, and record the weight of each bag. This process should be repeated for at least 90 minutes total. This data was analyzed by calculating the cumulative change in weight for each dialysis bag. This was done from subtracting the weight of each bag from the initial weight of the bag. Doing so, allows the weight of each bag to be initially zero. For that, we must calculate the corrected cumulative change in weight.For each time interval of 10 minutes, we subtracted the change in weigh of bag #1 (tap water) from the weight of each bag at the specific time measure- this corrected any oscillations. Result s The corrected cumulative change in weight due to osmosis from different concentrations of sucrose and tap water, are shown in Figure One. This figure shows the weight change in grams for every interval of 10 minutes. Using the corrected cumulative change in weight eliminates bag #1 because its average rate of change will always be zero.Below is a table of the bag weights at 10 minute intervals after being tested for an hour: | |Bag Weights (g) | |Time (min) |1 |2 |3 |4 |5 | | |Water |20% |40% |60% |water | |0 |21. 81 |20. 30 |23. 3 |21. 30 |19. 22 | |10 |22. 75 |26. 94 |22. 04 |23. 64 |18. 42 | |20 |22. 29 |26. 91 |22. 29 |24. 41 |17. 95 | |30 |23. 27 |29. 33 |23. 45 |26. 41 |16. 60 | |40 |22. 30 |29. 84 |23. 24 |28. 6 |15. 61 | |50 |22. 72 |36. 63 |24. 02 |28. 84 |14. 75 | |60 |23. 29 |31. 20 |24. 51 |30. 17 |14. 05 | The purpose of this experiment was to determine the relationship between concentration gradients and the rates of osmosis. Using the corrected cumulative change, w e can monitor the rate of change for each bag, and correlate the rate of change to the rate of osmosis.For bag #2, the slope, or the rate of osmosis was y = 0. 1193x – 1. 7293, displaying a slow but obvious increase in weight, or a hypotonic solution, when the solute was more concentrated inside the cell and water moved into the cell. Bag #3 continues to show this trend with a quicker rate of y = 1. 295x – 2. 4807, which water enters this bag as a hypotonic solution. Bag #4, which a rate of y = -1. 0586x + 1. 9043, shows a hypertonic solution in which the low concentration solute, causing water inside the dialysis bag, to move out.Although it was expected for for bag #5, which was tap water submersed in 40% sucrose, to be hypertonic, the rate of osmosis was y = 1. 3536x – 0. 1679, which demonstrates a hypotonic solution, or water entering the cell, or moving from a high concentration of the solute to a low concentration. These results prove that the direction of osmosis does directly affect the rate of osmosis. If the slope begins with a negative x value, the solution is indeed a hypertonic solution, that when surrounding a cell will cause the cell to lose water, moving from a high concentration to a lower concentration (Reece et al. 33). The slopes which begin with a positive x value demonstrate a hypotonic solution, which causes a cell to take in water (Reece et al. 133). This shows that the direction of osmosis is directed related to the rate of osmosis, or vice versa. The rate of osmosis ultimately determines the direction of osmosis. Depending on which direction osmosis is going- hypertonic, isotonic or hypotonic, determines the rate of osmosis, or the rate of change for each dialysis bag. Or by the means of our experiment, the direction of osmosis was determined by the rate of change in each bag, or the rate of osmosis.Discussion Throughout the study it was concluded that different concentrations of sucrose are allow different rates and directions of osmosis. The results show that the rate of osmosis is directly related to the direction of osmosis, or vice versa. This proposal does not match with our quantitative prediction. Our results for the artificial cells showed different concentrations moved from high to low concentrations- through hypotonic movement or hypertonic movement; however bag #3 with 40% sucrose was expected to be a hypotonic solution, while it was a hypertonic solution.This falsified hypothesis could be due to the explanation that in an animal cell, when a hypertonic solution, the cell experiences crenation. The dialysis tubing creates a theoretical flaw in our experiment because the tubing has a molecular weight cut off of a maximum of 14 kilodaltons, while the average human cell may have a larger or smaller molecular weight cut off, allowing the cell to experience different tonicities. In order to obtain more accurate results, modifications should be made. More drastic concentrations of sucr ose in the dialysis tubing should be tested in order to find the extremes of the rate of change for osmosis.The study enhances the present scholarship in this area by exposing osmosis along a free energy gradient. However, other experiments could increase our knowledge about the relationship between concentration gradients and rates. An experiment that includes the idea that the selectively permeable membrane moves, might allow for more accurate results (Patlak and Watters). The qualified location mirrors the volume of each side of the membrane, which affects the total number of particles on each side (Patlak and Watters).Our experiment exposes the ideal notion that there is no net movement of a solvent and the water is what diffuses across the membrane. Works Cited Carmichael, Jeff, Mark Grabe and Jonathan Wenger. Biology 150 Laboratory Review. University of North Dakota, n. d. Web. 7 Oct. 2011. Patlak, Joseph and Chris Watters. Diffusion and Osmosis. University of Vermont and Midd lebury College, 1997. Web. 8 Oct. 2011. Reece, Jane B. , et al. Campbell Biology. San Francisco: Pearson Education Inc. , 2005. Print.