Plant and People Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Plant and People - Term Paper Example Opium poppy has both negative and positive effects of opium poppy upon human society (Chouvy, 2010). The negative effects of opium poppy include terrorism, wars, international politics, crime, addiction and dependence, health problems, and negative economic issues, and the positive effects include the manufacture of drugs and for homeopathy. Negative effects of opium poppy Terrorism Opium poppy is the source of opium, which is a narcotic drug. Narcotic drugs are illegal in most countries across the world (United Nations, 2009). Therefore, many countries consider the trading of narcotics as illegal and take actions against those individuals who take part in drug trafficking. However, violence, corruption, and subversion have increasingly impeded the international narcotics control efforts. Violence increases when efforts begin to have an effect on the trafficking operations (Davids, 2002). Various countries have put more effort towards identifying those groups and individuals who atte mpt to undermine the struggle against trafficking of narcotics. Such groups can include those groups, which finance their terrorist actions through profits they acquire from the narcotics trade; groups that actively engage themselves in narcotics trafficking and use terrorist activities to sustain or enhance their positions; and groups that the narcotics traffickers organize randomly to resort to terrorist activities and violence to enhance and protect their criminal enterprise. Most of the countries that produce narcotics have political insurgents, who quite often use terrorist techniques and have become involved indirectly or directly with production and trafficking of narcotics (Davids, 2002). There are close relationships between narcotics trafficking, terrorist groups, and arms smuggling, especially in the Middle East. According to Davids (2002), there is some evidence of state-sponsored trafficking of narcotics. In a few cases, the further evidence is that some of the communis t nations have engaged to some extent in facilitating the trafficking of narcotics. Terrorism refers to the use of violence or threats to apply violence as a political weapon to attain control, to influence government policy, or to destabilize and overthrow governments (Davids, 2002). The legal definition of terrorism may not be precise in describing narcotics traffickers and their organizations. However, the tactics they employ at times are equal to, or exceed those tactics that terrorist organizations use. Most of the groups involved with narcotics production or trafficking do not meet the traditional or legal definitions of "terrorists" or "insurgents," the fact is that the use of planned, high-threat, sophisticated violence to accomplish their goals, even without a political agenda, is terrorism (Davids, 2002). Furthermore, the increasing use of violence against international narcotics control efforts, irrespective of the source as well as the dealing in narcotics for firearms a nd the financing of political insurgencies and terrorists through illegal narcotics activities, pose grievous threats to the national security of the narcotics producing countries and to the prospects for effective international narcotics control. Prostitution, Robbery, and Thievery The incidents of

Wachovia Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Wachovia - Research Paper Example All the major cause will be expansively presented in this paper. The valuable lessons learnt from the crisis will also be thrown light upon in this paper. Wachovia, Bear Stearns, AIG, Lehmann Brothers, Northern Rock, Goldman Sachs are some elite names that suffered the most because of the economic crisis also known as recession. Wachovia was once the fourth largest bank in America but it could not sustain the wrath of recession and was taken over by Wells Fargo in the year 2008. Lehmann brothers filed for bankruptcy while AIG and a few other elites just hung in there with the skin of their teeth. This economic crisis is still having repercussions on countries like Greece and Spain; the whole of Euro Zone is facing a financial turmoil. There are a few other countries that have been not so severely affected by the same. The crisis triggered off because of unchecked debt, banks kept issuing loans to people who invested heavily in buying assets, several things were taken for granted but when proved otherwise there was hardly a place in the world to hide. Overvaluation in real estate is perhaps the biggest cause of the current economic crisis, it is better known as the subprime crisis in the US. The likes of Lehmann Brothers and other financial services went bust because they kept issuing credit to the people who thought the property price would increase and they would be easily able to pay off the debt that they are borrowing. It did not turn out that way and there was a short of equity, this is exactly why the financial institutions went bankrupt. The overvaluation is the biggest factor that caused the current economic crisis. Factors like bad income tax practices have added insult to injury, bad mortgage lending also contributed heavily to this current economic crisis. â€Å"The way to address the root cause is to let house prices drop to where an average house is within the means of an average household.   (Or, alternatively, boost the income of the average h ousehold to the point that they can afford an average house.   But that's very hard.   Letting houses prices go on falling, although painful for everyone who owns a house or who has lent money to someone who owns a house, is very easy.)† (Root Cause of the Financial Crisis) The UK housing market was also greatly affected because of recession. The impact of the global economic crisis on UK property companies was dire. Previously well performing firms in terms of turnover and profits experienced drastic falls in profits and even losses. Tightened lending conditions and dips in confidence in the UK housing sector translated to inactivity in business and thus reduced turnovers, hindered growth and difficult operations. In the general pattern as the rest of the economy, property firms found it untenable to maintain workforce numbers as lack of activity and the heavy toll of remuneration on available resources. Reduced spending propensities and the lack of credit in the housing sector left most of these companies’ futures hanging in the balance. There is also the question of how the entire properties sector and the property companies have set out to recover from the economic crisis. Concerns also arise in terms of how well the instituted strategies can buffer such firms against an occurrence of another financial downturn in the future. The content analysis reveals that the property companies went through severe impacts on their management dispositions as well as on their employees. The managers were

Jerusalem And The Temple Mount Religion Essay

Jerusalem And The Temple Mount Religion Essay The history of the city of Jerusalem is filled with violence and conflict. According to the Jewish Torah and the Old Testament of the Christian bible, Jerusalem was the capital of the Kingdom of Judah, which was predicted to at one time have been united with the Kingdom of Israel. Around 600 BCE the nation of Babylon conquered Judah and destroyed Jerusalem; including the sacred Temple of the Lord that King Solomon had built there, and took its people captive. It wasnt until decades after the Babylonians had plundered the city that the Jewish people were allowed to return to their home land and rebuild their once glorious city (Gascoigne, 2001). About 80 years later Jerusalem once again became the capital of Judah and the temple was reconstructed. Jerusalem was captured by the Greeks under Alexander the Great in 312 BCE and nearly a century later the Babylonians once again took over the city, this time under the rule of commander-in-chief, Seleucus. By 19 BCE the Roman empire had gained control of the area and set Harod the Great as client King over Jerusalem, under their control. Harod rebuilt the Temple of the Lord after it had lay in ruins for centuries and renamed it the Second Temple. After the death of Harod in 4 CE the Romans implemented direct rule over the city. In 66 CE, after decades of living under the authoritarian rule of the Roman Empire, the Jews rebelled. Their plight for freedom didnt last long and four years later Rome came in and pillaged the entire city and the Temple was once again destroyed. (CITATION) It was in the first century CE that the Christian bible records the death, resurrection, and ascension of Jesus Christ, the Messiah according to the Christian faith. During the second century CE Roman Emperor Hadrian rebuilt the city as a pagan city. Before Hadrians reign, the Jews had been allowed to freely practice their religion; but Hadrians rules restricting worship lead to another rebellion in the city. Hadrian responded with a massacre that led to the death of nearly half a million Jews. The Jews were then forbidden to enter the city save for one day of the year, Tish BAv, a day which Jews set aside to mourn and fast in honor of both of the Temples that had been destroyed. Jerusalem was rebuilt as a Christian city in 335 CE by the Emperor Constantine, but the Jewish people were still not allowed entry. More than 300 years later the famous Muslim shrine, the Dome of the Rock, was built in Jerusalem on the Temple Mount, the predicted location of the first and second Temples. Thr ee centuries after the Dome was built the Al-qsa Mosque, a place of worship specifically for Muslim women, was constructed on the Temple Mount near the Dome. (CITATION) Jerusalem became the Kingdom of Jerusalem in the late 11th century, around the time of the Crusades-a set of several military campaigns that lasted more than a century that were first initiated by Christian Europeans as magnificent and general act(s) of repentant faith that would culminate in the moral reform and total renewal of Christendom (Merton, 2008). Jerusalem, an important religious and historic site to Christians, Muslims, and Jews, had been captured by the Muslims and was under their rule. For the English, who were dominantly Christian, this was an abomination. It was in nearby Bethlehem that they believed the Christian Messiah, Jesus, was born, and it was in Jerusalem that he was crucified by the Jews, resurrected three days later, and then ascended into heaven before the eyes of his disciples and other followers. In the year 1095 Pope Urban II presented his idea of a Church reform (Knox) to France; he proposed that they take up arms against the Muslim Turkish Ottomans who controlled Jerusalem and save the city from Muslim control. The First Crusade began in 1097 and two years later the European army finally reached Jerusalem where, after the battle, there was a recorded 70,000 Muslim casualties. (CITATION) There were several other crusades that took place after that and the conquests lasted until the year 1291 (Knox). During this time, Jerusalem was controlled several different nations. The Sultan of Damascus razed the city and destroyed the city walls in 1219 and two decades later, after Frederick II of Germany rebuilt them, the emir of Kerak demolished them once again. The Christians conquered the city in 1243 and for the next 20 years, rule passed between the hands of the Khmarezmian Tatars, the Egyptians, and the Ottomans. Unlike under the ruling of the Tatars and the Egyptians, however, the Ottomans introduced peace back into the city. Jews, Christians and Muslims were granted freedom and were allowed to worship as they desired, in peace, alongside one another. Religious freedom was once again allowed in the city and soon after, the Kingdom of Jerusalem fell. After the Crusades, Christians started migrating to the city in order to rebuild it and salvage its history. They built chu rches throughout the city and converted the Muslim shrines and mosques, including the Dome of the Rock and the Al-Aqsa Mosque. During the 1800s the Ottoman Empire began to decline. Jerusalems population, made up of Jews, Christians, Muslims, and Armenians, did not exceed 8,000 people. The current Israeli-Palestinian conflict in the middle east can trace its beginning back to this time when Jewish immigrants started to arrive from Eastern Europe and other areas of the middle east and European nations sought control of the city. Christian churches were facing a time of religious reform and sent missionaries to the Jerusalem. In addition to the sudden flood of Jews, Europeans, and Christians, archaeologists were also interested in the city for its fascinating history of destruction and war and began flocking to Jerusalem on expeditions. The Muslim Turkish Ottomans had controlled the majority of the Middle East for centuries but in the early 1900s they declared a military jihad with France, Russians, and Great Britain (Woodward, 2009). In 1917 the British defeated the Ottomans and took control of Jerusalem. The Old City of Jerusalem became an ancient community filled with poverty and the New City, located outside the old walls, became the life of Jerusalem. Violence in the city became the norm as the Arabs began to face anxiety over the new British rule and flood of Jewish immigrants. By 1947 the United Nations suggested that the city should go under international administration and a year later the British left Jerusalem (CITATION). In 1948 the Arab-Israeli war began and residents of several Arab villages were misplaced and massacres occurred throughout the city. The city was divided when the New City joined the state of Israel and the Old City was annexed. By 1950, only a century after Jerusalems population was str uggling to meet 8,000 people, the city became the capital of Israel and was the most populous city in the country. (CITATION). (TRANSITION) Today conflict continues to plague the city; just as violence ruled the city in King Davids time, during the crusades, and throughout the 20th century, confrontation continues today amongst the three religions, especially between Muslims and Jews. The famous religious and historical site the Temple Mount is the center for much of this conflict. As stated, the site is sacred to both Islam and Judaism and both religions want reign over the area. Although Israel currently controls the city, the Temple Mount is not completely in the possession of the government; as a highly respected and desired site for so many different people, the Mount cannot stay completely in the control of any one religious group, nor can it really be shared amongst them. The Temple Mount is usually open to visitors but recent restrictions were set on who was allowed to enter the site; these restrictions included not allowing entry to the site to men under 50 years old (Sharp, 2010). However, after a Palestinian r iot in the city, which resulted in the injuries of more than 100 people, including 14 Israeli troops, the restrictions were lifted (Israel relaxes). Another riot broke out recently when Arab youths targeted Jews praying at the Western Wall. According to an article in the Jewish Telegraph Agency (JTA), the violence occurred after an Islamic imam encouraged Muslims to secure and protect sacred Islamic ground including the Temple Mount (Temple Mount reopened, 2010). Muslims have considered the site of the Temple Mount to be sacred since the prophet Muhammad wrote about his Night Journey to Jerusalem which was said to have taken place in 619 CE. It is believed by Islamic tradition that God dictated The Quran, the holy book of Islam, to Muhammad. There is controversy regarding the interpretation of the Quran, but according to most all translations, the location of the Temple Mount is the exact place where Muhammad was brought by the angel Gabriel from the Muslim temple in Mecca on his famous Night Journey. The story continues on to say that the prophets Abraham, Moses and Jesus met him in Jerusalem and they prayed together. Muhammad was offered a drink of wine, milk, and in some translations, water, and he chose the milk. Gabriel then commended him for choosing the correct drink, which represented his choice to follow Islam, the correct religion. Muhammad ascended into heaven and met God face-to-face. Even with the controversy over the story of the Night Journey, the Temple Mount holds rich religious significance to the Islamic faith. The Dome of the Rock, which stands at the center of the Temple Mount, is an important place of worship to Muslims. The Dome was built around 690 AD by Abd al-Malik.(WHO IS HE?) .Tradition says that the Dome was built to commemorate Muhammads ascension into heaven after his night journey to Jerusalem (Quran 17). (Hayes, 2010). The Oxford Archaeological Guide to the Holy Land states that Maliks intentions were actually different; he wanted to show Christians and Jews that Islam was the superior faith (Hayes, 2010). The Dome is a beautiful site to come upon. The famous golden dome had originally been made purely out of gold but was later replaced by copper, then aluminum, and is now covered with gold leaf. Its exterior is decorated with beautiful Turkish tiles and gleaming white marble. The Dome is outlined with intricate inscriptions of verses from the Quran. The interior of the Dome is adorned with picturesque floral designs and other inscriptions apart from those quoting the Quran. The Dome of the Rock was designed as carefully as the Temple, as it is an important holy place for Muslims. AL AQSA MOSQUE The Mount also holds significant value to both the Jewish and Christian faiths. It is believed by both Jews and Christians that it was at Mount Moriah, where the Temple Mount is currently located, that God appeared to the prophet Abraham, an important religious figure to both religions. The significance of the site continues for both religions. In the Old Testament of the Christian Bible and in the Jewish Torah it is written that God gave Abraham a vision of a temple that was to later be built in honor of Him. This same vision was later given to King David who, according to biblical texts, was told by God that he was not fit to build a monument of peace so he passed the plans along to his son Solomon in order for him to build it. The temple was destroyed by the Babylonians rebuilt by Harod, and was destroyed once again by the Romans. The Western Wall, also known as the Wailing Wall, and the Temple Mount were the only two structures of the Temple to survive the Roman conquest and toda y both continue to be important religious symbols to the Jewish faith. The Temple Mount is located above the Kidron Valley and the Tyropoeon Valley, which are to the east and west of the Mount, respectively. At its peak the Mount is 2,428 feet above sea level. When Harod the Great rebuilt the Temple in 20 BCE he increased the plateau of the Mount by surrounding it with four enormous walls and filling in the spaces left behind. After the expansion the total area of the Mount increased to about 35.5 acres. It is the southern wall where the Western Wall, an important landmark to the Jewish faith, is located (CITATION). The locations of the First and Second Temples are predicted to be on top of one another (Dolphin, 1995). According to the Christian bible, the inner most room of the Temple of Solomon, the First Temple, was the Holy of Holies, a place where only the high priest was allowed to enter (1 Kings 6:16).The Holy of Holies contained the Ark of the Covenant, an important religious symbol to both Jews and Christians. 1 Kings 6:21,29-30 (1994) of the C hristian bible says that Solomon covered the inside of the temple with pure gold, and he extended gold chains across the front of the inner sanctuary, which was overlaid with goldOn the walls all around the temple, in both the inner and outer rooms, he carved cherubim, palm trees and open flowers. He also covered the floors of both the inner and outer rooms of the temple with gold. The next room was The Holy Place, and then beyond that were several courtyards; first a Court for the priests, then the Jews and women, then the gentiles. The order of the courtyards was key as they were built in the order of holiness of the people who were allowed to enter each one; the Jews believed that the priests were at a level higher than them and that the gentiles were a step lower. Solomon took great care in building the Temple and it is obvious to see that same respect relayed toward the site then is also given today by the Jewish people, even though the Temple is no longer standing. The exact position where the first and second temples of the Lord were built are unknown, but three main sites have been suggested by scholars, researchers, and archaeologists. The traditional site of the Temple is said to lie beneath or very near to the Moslem shrine known as the Dome of the Rock (Dolphin, 1995). Dr. Dan Bahat, a respected archaeologist in Jerusalem, defends this statement. The two other sites where the original temple also may have laid are known as the Northern Conjecture and the Southern Conjecture. The Northern Conjecture is located 330 feet north of the Dome of the Rock, a Muslim shrine located on the Temple Mount. According to the Arabs, the predicted temple site is under an area known as The Dome of the Tablets or The Dome of the Spirits (Dolphin, 1995). The Southern Conjecture is the newest addition to the predicted traditional temple sites and is located to the south of the Dome of the Rock. Today, some rabbis forbid Jews from even setting foot on the areab ecause as the site of the ancient Jewish temple it is considered holy ground (Sharp, 2010). TRANSITION ADD THIS TO DESCRIPTION OF JERUSALEM: The geographical area known as Palestine sits next to the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River and is intertwined with Israel. The majority of Palestinians are Muslim by religion. The Palestinians have slowly been losing land to Israel and currently do not have a nation to call their own, although they have been advocating for statehood, with backing by the United States. Palestinian beliefs that they are being pushed out of the Old City are at the center of the fears of the will-be state. Palestine wants Jerusalem to be its capital when it is finally given independence as its own country, but because of its history, Israel is not so willing to give it up. Violence between Israelis and Palestinians regarding the site is almost a daily occurrence in Jerusalem and it does not appear to be ending any time soon. It seems as though any time Jews visit the Temple Mount, riots break out (Sharp, 2010). There is still frustration over regulations regard ing the Mount, as there have been laws issued abolishing non-Muslim prayer on the Mount. In court the state has argues that allowing Jewish prayer on the Mount would spark Muslim violence (Gershom, 2000). While this is highly likely, swindling the rights of the Jewish people does not appear to be the correct answer to the problem.

Symbols in The Scarlet Letter Essay examples -- essays research papers

Symbols in "The Scarlet Letter" In The Scarlet Letter, symbols appear everywhere. Hawthorne uses several different concrete objects to represent something of deeper meaning. Among these symbols is the scarlet letter "A" itself. It is made of red cloth and beautifully embroidered. It is a literal symbol of the sin of adultery. The letter "A" appears in several places and several forms. It is the letter that appears on Hester's heart that she is condemned to wear for the remainder of her life. At Governor Bellingham's mansion it is magnified in the breastplate. It seems as though she is hidden behind it. On the night that Dimmesdale stands on the scaffold with Hester and Pearl, a huge letter A appears in the sky. Later, while in the forest, Pearl arranges a letter a on her heart that is made of eel grass. One of the most dramatic of the A's that appear in the book is the A that appears on Dimmesdale's chest. Not only does the "A" symbolize adultery, but it also has several other meanings to the different characters a s well. To the community, it is simply a mark of punishment. To Hester, it is a mark of embarrassment and humiliation. To Dimmesdale, the scarlet letter is a reminder of his own guilt. To Pearl, the mark is a mysterious curiosity. To Chillingworth, the "A" is his chance to get revenge on Dimmesdale. Later, the letter symbolizes "Able" when Hester wins some respect from the townspeople. The scarlet letter is meant to be a symbol of shame, but instead it becomes a powerful symbol of identity to Hester. The letter's meaning shifts as time passes. Originally intended to mark Hester as an adulterer, the â€Å"A† eventually comes to stand for â€Å"Able.† Finally, it becomes indeterminate: the Native Americans who come to watch the Election Day pageant think it marks her as a person of importance and status. Like Pearl, the letter functions as a physical reminder of Hester's affair with Dimmesdale. But, compared with a human child, the letter seems insignificant, and thus helps to point out the ultimate meaninglessness of the community's system of judgment and punishment. The child has been sent from God, or at least from nature, but the letter is merely a human contrivance. Additionally, the instability of the letter's apparent meaning calls into question society's ability to use symbols for ideological reinforcement. More often than not, a symbol becomes. .. ... opposed to the strict Puritan community and laws. However, it is also a place where the witches come and sign their souls to the devil. Therefore, the forest can also symbolize darkness and evil Forest One of the most integral parts of the book, when Hester Prynne speaks to the Reverend Mr. Dimmesdale about their predicament, takes place in the forest. When reading the novel, it becomes increasingly apparent that there is a contrast between the forest and the town, as settings. The forest symbolizes a dark and mysterious place where impulses and urges reign and also where the goings-on are to be kept a secret. The forest is described as dismal, gloomy and full of shadows with an imposing, cloudy sky that is filled with threatening storms. When Dimmesdale and Hester first see each other, Hawthorne describes them as being "in the world beyond the grave, of two spirits who had intimately connected in their former life, but now stood coldly shuddering, in mutual dead". Also in the forest, Hester undid the clasp that fastened the scarlet letter, and, taking it from her bosom, threw it to a distance among the withered leaves....[and] took off the formal cap that confined her hair.

Lab Report Osmosis

The effect of osmosis on artificial cells with different concentrations of sucrose Alex McRae Biology 120-902 Grand Valley State University 1 Campus Drive Allendale, MI 49401 [email  protected] gvsu. edu Abstract In this study, we tested the validity of osmosis in artificial animal cells. Osmosis is the diffusion of free water across a membrane. The purpose of the study was to calculate the rate of osmosis in artificial cells containing different concentrations of sucrose and water.We studied the rate of osmosis in artificial cells by creating five different dialysis bags with different concentrations of both sucrose and water and calculating the cumulative change in weight ever 10 minutes for 90 minutes. Our results for the artificial cells showed different concentrations moved from high to low concentrations- through hypotonic movement or hypertonic movement. Introduction The main purpose of this paper is to assess the rate of change with osmosis for different concentrations of s ucrose in artificial cells.Since the human body is composed of trillions of cells that contain roughly 85% of water, makes osmosis a very important concept (Carmichael, Grabe and Wenger). The forces that affect osmosis are the concentrations of solutes surrounding the cell or inside of the cell. Water will then move across the cell membrane and create a balance of water between the cell and its environment (Reece et al. 133).In order to calculate the average rate of change for our artificial cells, we must understand tonicity as the ability of a nearby solution to cause a cell to lose or gain water, depending on its concentration of non-penetrating solutes relative to solutes inside the cell (Reece et al. 133). The dialysis bags used in this experiment have membranes which are selectively permeable, which only allows particles specifically small enough to pass through (Carmichael, Grabe and Wenger).In a hypotonic solution, water goes into the cell because the solute is more concentr ated inside the cell, while in a hypertonic solution, water moves out of the sell because the solute is more concentrated outside of the cell. We are testing the effect of osmosis on different concentrations of artificial cells by calculating the cumulative change in weight and the corrected cumulative changes in weight and by determining whether a solution is hypertonic, hypotonic or isotonic. We predicted that a dialysis bag holding tap water in a beaker also containing tap water is in an isotonic solution.While 20% sucrose, 40% sucrose and 60% sucrose in beakers containing tap water is considered hypotonic solutions. Lastly the dialysis bag holding tap water in a beaker containing 40% sucrose is a hypertonic solution. This will result in isotonic solutions remaining at the same weight, hypotonic solutions gaining weight and hypertonic solutions losing weight. We tested this by creating the five different dialysis bags with different concentrations of sucrose in order to measure t he weight change in grams of the bag after nine 10 minute increments. Methods and MaterialsThis experiment took place on Monday, February 6th, 2011. During this time, we tested the effects of different sucrose concentrations on the rate of osmosis in artificial cells we made with dialysis tubing. We studied five different dialysis bags containing 10mL of different concentrations of tap water and sucrose. Two contained tap water while three contained different concentrations of sucrose, varying from 20% to 60%. Each bag was placed in a beaker surrounded by either tap water or 40% sucrose. We began the experiment by soaking the dialysis tubes to prepare them for the sucrose concentrations they would be filled with.Taking each bag, two were filled with 10mL of tap water, one filled with 10mL of 20% sucrose, one with 10mL of 40% sucrose and another with 10mL of 60% sucrose. Each bag was clamped closed. All the bags were weighed before being placed in their corresponding beakers in order to record their initial weight in grams. The bags were put in their corresponding beakers, all of which contained tap water, except beaker #5 (tap water bag #5 was placed in beaker #5 which instead of holding water, was filled with 40% sucrose) concurrently, recording the time.In the same manner in which the bags were placed in the beakers simultaneously, remove the bags every 10 minutes, and record the weight of each bag. This process should be repeated for at least 90 minutes total. This data was analyzed by calculating the cumulative change in weight for each dialysis bag. This was done from subtracting the weight of each bag from the initial weight of the bag. Doing so, allows the weight of each bag to be initially zero. For that, we must calculate the corrected cumulative change in weight.For each time interval of 10 minutes, we subtracted the change in weigh of bag #1 (tap water) from the weight of each bag at the specific time measure- this corrected any oscillations. Result s The corrected cumulative change in weight due to osmosis from different concentrations of sucrose and tap water, are shown in Figure One. This figure shows the weight change in grams for every interval of 10 minutes. Using the corrected cumulative change in weight eliminates bag #1 because its average rate of change will always be zero.Below is a table of the bag weights at 10 minute intervals after being tested for an hour: | |Bag Weights (g) | |Time (min) |1 |2 |3 |4 |5 | | |Water |20% |40% |60% |water | |0 |21. 81 |20. 30 |23. 3 |21. 30 |19. 22 | |10 |22. 75 |26. 94 |22. 04 |23. 64 |18. 42 | |20 |22. 29 |26. 91 |22. 29 |24. 41 |17. 95 | |30 |23. 27 |29. 33 |23. 45 |26. 41 |16. 60 | |40 |22. 30 |29. 84 |23. 24 |28. 6 |15. 61 | |50 |22. 72 |36. 63 |24. 02 |28. 84 |14. 75 | |60 |23. 29 |31. 20 |24. 51 |30. 17 |14. 05 | The purpose of this experiment was to determine the relationship between concentration gradients and the rates of osmosis. Using the corrected cumulative change, w e can monitor the rate of change for each bag, and correlate the rate of change to the rate of osmosis.For bag #2, the slope, or the rate of osmosis was y = 0. 1193x – 1. 7293, displaying a slow but obvious increase in weight, or a hypotonic solution, when the solute was more concentrated inside the cell and water moved into the cell. Bag #3 continues to show this trend with a quicker rate of y = 1. 295x – 2. 4807, which water enters this bag as a hypotonic solution. Bag #4, which a rate of y = -1. 0586x + 1. 9043, shows a hypertonic solution in which the low concentration solute, causing water inside the dialysis bag, to move out.Although it was expected for for bag #5, which was tap water submersed in 40% sucrose, to be hypertonic, the rate of osmosis was y = 1. 3536x – 0. 1679, which demonstrates a hypotonic solution, or water entering the cell, or moving from a high concentration of the solute to a low concentration. These results prove that the direction of osmosis does directly affect the rate of osmosis. If the slope begins with a negative x value, the solution is indeed a hypertonic solution, that when surrounding a cell will cause the cell to lose water, moving from a high concentration to a lower concentration (Reece et al. 33). The slopes which begin with a positive x value demonstrate a hypotonic solution, which causes a cell to take in water (Reece et al. 133). This shows that the direction of osmosis is directed related to the rate of osmosis, or vice versa. The rate of osmosis ultimately determines the direction of osmosis. Depending on which direction osmosis is going- hypertonic, isotonic or hypotonic, determines the rate of osmosis, or the rate of change for each dialysis bag. Or by the means of our experiment, the direction of osmosis was determined by the rate of change in each bag, or the rate of osmosis.Discussion Throughout the study it was concluded that different concentrations of sucrose are allow different rates and directions of osmosis. The results show that the rate of osmosis is directly related to the direction of osmosis, or vice versa. This proposal does not match with our quantitative prediction. Our results for the artificial cells showed different concentrations moved from high to low concentrations- through hypotonic movement or hypertonic movement; however bag #3 with 40% sucrose was expected to be a hypotonic solution, while it was a hypertonic solution.This falsified hypothesis could be due to the explanation that in an animal cell, when a hypertonic solution, the cell experiences crenation. The dialysis tubing creates a theoretical flaw in our experiment because the tubing has a molecular weight cut off of a maximum of 14 kilodaltons, while the average human cell may have a larger or smaller molecular weight cut off, allowing the cell to experience different tonicities. In order to obtain more accurate results, modifications should be made. More drastic concentrations of sucr ose in the dialysis tubing should be tested in order to find the extremes of the rate of change for osmosis.The study enhances the present scholarship in this area by exposing osmosis along a free energy gradient. However, other experiments could increase our knowledge about the relationship between concentration gradients and rates. An experiment that includes the idea that the selectively permeable membrane moves, might allow for more accurate results (Patlak and Watters). The qualified location mirrors the volume of each side of the membrane, which affects the total number of particles on each side (Patlak and Watters).Our experiment exposes the ideal notion that there is no net movement of a solvent and the water is what diffuses across the membrane. Works Cited Carmichael, Jeff, Mark Grabe and Jonathan Wenger. Biology 150 Laboratory Review. University of North Dakota, n. d. Web. 7 Oct. 2011. Patlak, Joseph and Chris Watters. Diffusion and Osmosis. University of Vermont and Midd lebury College, 1997. Web. 8 Oct. 2011. Reece, Jane B. , et al. Campbell Biology. San Francisco: Pearson Education Inc. , 2005. Print.

Liabilities of a Director Essay

A company is usually established by individuals or Directors (officers included) in this case so as to run it in appropriate manner in order to make maximum profits. For this to happen, it is for the company (Pandora Diamonds and Gems Pty Ltd in our case) to enter or make contracts with outsiders like Kaplan Bank Ltd and Space Solutions Pty Ltd as far as our case is concerned. The contracts made by the company with other outsiders are usually done by Directors who are, most often than not, act as representatives of that mentioned company and be able to be liable by the acts of its Directors as stated in s126. Directors acting on behalf of the company during any contracts are usually in a crucial position of trust within that company, and therefore, the vast array of legal duties will stretch out on their shoulders for holding that position. Due to this hot position, it is easier than not, for their powers to be abused in different ways. Directors have been known to abuse their powers in office for their personal gain. For example, Directors have been held liable for inappropriately using company’s funds in making their personal secret profits. In such cases, the corporate law comes into play (the Common Law and the Corporations Act 2001 (Cth)) and Directors or any other officer who recklessly breach specific duties and obligations should be prosecuted in the court of law. So for the purpose of liability, the common law and the Corporations Act 2001 (Cth) have been laid down so as to minimize the risk of wrongful behaviors by company’s Directors. In this paper, I will discuss the responsibilities, liabilities and duties of a director(s) in a company and give examples how Directors of various companies have been accounted or held responsible for infringing Corporations Act 2001 (Cth) laws. Directors’ Duties Since companies are usually established and managed by directors and a number of officers, these directors have that ostensible authority, collectively, to represent that mentioned company and not as an individual Director. As I am going to talk about it below, some individual directors (Andrew and Brian in this case) have been known to enter in to some kind of contract with outsiders (other companies) and not collectively as board of directors, as allowed under s201J and s198D of the Corporations Act 2001 (Cth). Directors, in most cases, have contravened these sections of the Act because they have their own material personal interests outside the company and have disowned their â€Å"duty to act honestly and in good faith to the best interest of the company† as per Part 2D.1 of the Corporations Act 2001 (Cth). Directors can only avoid the civil or criminal penalties for breaching the Corporations Act 2001 (Cth) only if they fully understand their liabilities and duties (Sieve rs, 1997 and Cassidy, 2006). Some of Corporations Acts laws, which directors need to be watchful for, in order to avoid contravening Corporations Act laws, are and not limited to: 1. Act in good faith and honest for the best interest of the company. 2. By considering company’s interests ahead of their own. 3. Avoiding conflicts of duty and interest. 4. Duty to avoid insolvent trading by the company 1. Duty to act honestly and in good faith to the best interest of the company As far as s181 of Corporations Acts 2001 (Cth) is concerned, any director including Andrew and Brian in our case, have to act â€Å"in good faith and in the best interest of the company (Pandora Diamonds and Gems Pty Ltd)† (see Darval v North Sydney Brick and Tile Co (1988) 6 ACLC 154) and not for their personal intentional purposes. In our case, before resigning, Brian set up his own jewellery business so that he can engage in a lucrative business of supplying jewellery to his new friend Victor after resigning from Pandora Diamonds and Gems Pty Ltd. Brian, under Corporations Act 2001 (Cth) s.184, may have infringed the statutory duties that are found in ss.181-183, and therefore liable for civil or criminal penalties as per Corporations Act laws (Sievers, 1997 and Cassidy, 2006). 2. Duty not to improperly use the position of a director to gain any personal benefits As contained in s182 of the Corporations Act 2001 (Cth), directors must demonstrate their powers for the required purposes so that companies like Pandora Diamonds and Gems Pty Ltd for example can benefit and those directors who violate s180 of the Corporations Act law Sbe penalized or disqualified in the court of law as was illustrated in the case of Mills v. Mills (1938) 60 CLR 150 (Cassidy, 2006). In our case, the exercise of power by Brian to secure some personal advantage by starting his own jewellery business, is considered as an ‘improper purpose’ because it is not within the purpose of benefiting Pandora Diamonds and Gems Pty Ltd, but to himself (see Mills v. Mills (1938) 60 CLR 150, Biala Pty Ltd v. Uallina Holdings (No 2) (1993) and ASIC v. Adler (2002)). Eventually, Brian will be responsible for any financial benefit he might have received as the head of Pandora Diamonds and Gems Pty Ltd (see Queensland mine Ltd v Hudson (1978) 18 ALR 1) (Cassidy, 2006, p. 251). 3. Avoiding conflicts of duty and interest. The conflict of interest is a matter for all board of directors that does not only affect specific directors in the company. According to section 182 and 183 of the Corporations Act, any misuse of director’s position just for the disadvantage of the company and for the benefit of the director is generally forbidden by the law (see Aberdeen Railway Co. v. Blaikie Bros (1854). If some sections like s191 to s195 of the Corporation Act is analyzed further, it details some important rules on how Directors (Brian included) are supposed to disclose or declare to the board of directors, if there is any personal interest that is related to the affairs of the company. This is required so as to ensure that the honesty and integrity of directors are thoroughly observed (Cassidy, 2006). As far as our case is concerned, Brian may have violated s181 of the Corporations Act, for he did not declare or disclose to the board of directors that he has some interest of starting is own business as required under s191 (3) and he may be prosecuted in the court of law for not declaring his interest. 4. Duty to prevent insolvent trading by the company Corporate regulators have tried many means to make sure that there are no companies that can trade while insolvent by imposing higher level of liability on directors. As per s588G of the Corporations Act, civil penalties and personal liability on directors have been imposed on them if in case a company incur a debt and is declared insolvent. An example of a case where directors were liable for the company’s insolvency was that of Commonwealth Bank of Australia v Friedrich. Here, Maxwell Eise who was a director was fined millions of dollars for causing the company to undergo insolvency. The court argued that Maxwell Eise (Brian and Andrew in our case) had breached s588G of the Corporations Act and was liable for debts incurred by the company because his failure to prevent it. If in case directors of companies like Pandora Diamonds and Gems Pty Ltd have acted criminally and believed to be dishonest, in which may harm the company because of their self personal advantage, ASIC with the assistance of Australian Federal Police, criminal investigation can be conducted and tough procedures has to be followed when collecting evidence that will be use to determined as to whether a prosecution should go a head. And if the case is found to be more serious, it will be handled with the Commonwealth Director of Public Prosecution; otherwise the lower courts will deal with these kinds of cases. All in all, directors should carefully study, understand and appreciate their duties and responsibilities that they are subject to as company bosses. Being a director of a company is not an easy task because there are several fiduciary duties that need to be adhered to.

Free Essays on Kurt Cobain

Shortly after 11:00 A.M., three coroners from the King County Medical Examiner’s Office arrived at the Cobain residence and took little time in concluding that Cobain died of a self-inflicted gunshot wound. The Cobain residence had by this time become a media circus, and the media soon learned of the coroners’ conclusion. It was reported to the world that Kurt Cobain had committed suicide. The police report said â€Å"Suicide† under the â€Å"Subject† heading, said that the gunshot wound to Kurt’s head appeared to be self-inflicted, and mentioned the â€Å"suicide note†. There is much controversy about the cause of Kurt Cobain’s death. Considerable circumstantial evidence has been revealed that suggests that Cobain was murdered. In their book Who Killed Kurt Cobain?, Ian Halperlin and Max Wallace summarize this evidence. There were no legible fingerprints on the shotgun that inflicted the fatal wound to Cobain. There were also no fingerprints on the pen used to write the â€Å"suicide note† or on the box of shotgun shells. It is hard to imagine that Kurt could shoot himself without leaving fingerprints on the gun. Kurt died with three times a lethal dose of heroin in his bloodstream. Such a dose would knock even the most tolerant addict unconscious in seconds. After shooting up, Kurt would not have had time to put away his needle, much less to put away his needle and then shoot himself. The last four lines of the â€Å"suicide note†, which were written after Kurt signed his name, were not written in Kurt’s handwriting. The rest of the letter, which was written by Cobain, does not mention suicide, and it has been suggested that Kurt was planning to leave Nirvana and wrote the note to explain this to his fans. Only with the four lines written by someone else is the note a suicide note. Lastly, Kurt’s credit card was used twice between the when he died (as determined by the medical examiner) and when his body was found. The greenh... Free Essays on Kurt Cobain Free Essays on Kurt Cobain Shortly after 11:00 A.M., three coroners from the King County Medical Examiner’s Office arrived at the Cobain residence and took little time in concluding that Cobain died of a self-inflicted gunshot wound. The Cobain residence had by this time become a media circus, and the media soon learned of the coroners’ conclusion. It was reported to the world that Kurt Cobain had committed suicide. The police report said â€Å"Suicide† under the â€Å"Subject† heading, said that the gunshot wound to Kurt’s head appeared to be self-inflicted, and mentioned the â€Å"suicide note†. There is much controversy about the cause of Kurt Cobain’s death. Considerable circumstantial evidence has been revealed that suggests that Cobain was murdered. In their book Who Killed Kurt Cobain?, Ian Halperlin and Max Wallace summarize this evidence. There were no legible fingerprints on the shotgun that inflicted the fatal wound to Cobain. There were also no fingerprints on the pen used to write the â€Å"suicide note† or on the box of shotgun shells. It is hard to imagine that Kurt could shoot himself without leaving fingerprints on the gun. Kurt died with three times a lethal dose of heroin in his bloodstream. Such a dose would knock even the most tolerant addict unconscious in seconds. After shooting up, Kurt would not have had time to put away his needle, much less to put away his needle and then shoot himself. The last four lines of the â€Å"suicide note†, which were written after Kurt signed his name, were not written in Kurt’s handwriting. The rest of the letter, which was written by Cobain, does not mention suicide, and it has been suggested that Kurt was planning to leave Nirvana and wrote the note to explain this to his fans. Only with the four lines written by someone else is the note a suicide note. Lastly, Kurt’s credit card was used twice between the when he died (as determined by the medical examiner) and when his body was found. The greenh... Free Essays on Kurt Cobain Kurt Cobain was arguably the most influential artist in rock music. His music was powerful, scary, yet comforting because he wrote what most people were afraid to talk about. The word â€Å"taboo† had no meaning to him. His life was hard, but it brought out the pain that he was feeling and filtered into his music. He opened many people’s eyes to what some people go through that they would never be aware of if it was not for him. He was a man who touched so many people’s lives, but never himself able to reach total Nirvana. His life started on February 20, 1967, as the first son to Donald and Wendy Cobain. His birthplace was Hoquaim, Washington, but when Kurt was six years old, his family moved to nearby Aberdeen, a small logging community that had been in decline since the mid-nineteenth century. During his childhood, he displayed a flair for artistic activities and was an outgoing, intelligent boy. His parents divorce in 1975 however, changed all that. It was an ordinary divorce, but it effected Kurt greatly. His whole personality changed. He became difficult to cop with and shy. The divorce resulted with harsh custody battles that caused Kurt to be shuffled between his parents’ homes as well as those of several relatives. Kurt had a childhood like any other. He was a creative, outgoing child who was musically gifted from the start. He played his little plastic guitar when he was three years old, until he was four, when he received his first Mickey Mouse drum set. He used to come home every day and play the drums until they broke. Kurt did not like school. He felt lonely and lost. He liked to paint and sing, but the other boys were more into football and athletics, which automatically excluded Kurt from them. Most of the girls liked Kurt and he spent much of his time with them because he felt closer to the feminine side of himself rather than the male macho persona that most men carry. The boys’ only a...

Tibet

Tibet is a peaceful country, which has never posed a threat to another nation and has even been thought of as the most religious country in the world. However, Tibet was invaded and annexed by China in 1950. Yet, China asserts that Tibet should be rightfully under its control. They argue that the Tibetans have signed documents that invited the Chinese to occupy Tibet in order to help the Tibetans. The Chinese claim to have greatly improved the conditions of Tibet, bringing them such luxuries as electricity and roads. Despite all of these claims, China has, in reality, illegally occupied Tibet, manipulated Tibetans, caused others to flee, oppressed the religion of Tibet, transferred many Chinese people to Tibet, slaughtered thousands of Tibetans, violated the rights of Tibetans, and tried to disguise what they have done by using propaganda. Thus, China must leave Tibet and bestow autonomy to Tibet, allowing Tibet to operate independently as they have successfully for cent! China is a neighbor to the small Buddhist country Tibet. Tibet and China have endured a state of mutual respect for centuries. At other times China invaded Tibet, however Tibet also invaded China in the past. Throughout their history together there is no proof at all that Tibet was ever a part of China (Dalai Lama 57). In the late 1940s China became a communist government. After their political transfer, China then began to spy on Tibet. Finding that Tibet had a weak military, the Chinese moved their forces to Tibets eastern border and then attacked without a formal warning. The Chinese abused Tibetan delegates and forced them to sign a treaty allowing Chinese troops to enter Tibet. The Chinese insisted that they were only in Tibet to help the people and to protect them from imperialist nations, when in fact the Chinese were the only imperialists in Tibet (67). The Chinese said that once they had finished assisting the Tib...

Cornelius Vanderbilt

Cornelius Vanderbilt Cornelius Vanderbilt became the wealthiest man in America in the mid-19th century by dominating the growing countrys transportation business. Starting out with one small boat plying the waters of New York Harbor, Vanderbilt eventually assembled a vast transportation empire. When Vanderbilt died in 1877, his fortune was estimated to be in excess of $100 million.   Though he never served in the military, his early career operating boats in the waters surrounding New York City earned him the nickname â€Å"The Commodore.† He was a legendary figure in the 19th century, and his success in business was often credited to his ability to work harder - and more ruthlessly - than any of his competitors. His sprawling businesses were essentially prototypes of modern corporations, and his wealth surpassed even that of John Jacob Astor, who earlier had held the title of Americas richest man. It has been estimated that Vanderbilts wealth, relative to the value of the entire American economy at the time, constituted the largest fortune ever held by any American. Vanderbilts control of the American transportation business was so extensive that anyone wishing to travel or ship goods had no choice but to contribute to his growing fortune. Early Life of Cornelius Vanderbilt Cornelius Vanderbilt was born May 27, 1794, on Staten Island, in New York. He was descended from Dutch settlers of the island (the family name had originally been Van der Bilt). His parents owned a small farm, and his father also worked as a boatman. At the time, the farmers on Staten Island needed to transport their produce to the markets in Manhattan, located across New York Harbor. Vanderbilt’s father owned a boat used to move cargo across the harbor, and as a boy young Cornelius worked alongside his father. An indifferent student, Cornelius learned to read and write, and had an aptitude for arithmetic, but his education was limited. What he really enjoyed was working on the water, and when he was 16 he wanted to buy his own boat so he could go into business for himself. An obituary published by the New York Tribune on January 6, 1877 told the story of how Vanderbilt’s mother offered to loan him $100 to buy his own boat if he would clear a very rocky field so it could be farmed. Cornelius began the job but realized he would need help, so he made a deal with other local youths, getting them to assist with the promise that he would give them rides on his new boat. Vanderbilt successfully finished the job of clearing the acreage, borrowed the money, and bought the boat. He soon had a thriving business moving people and produce across the harbor to Manhattan, and he was able to pay back his mother. Vanderbilt married a distant cousin when he was 19, and he and his wife would eventually have 13 children. Vanderbilt Prospered During the War of 1812 When the War of 1812 began, forts were garrisoned in New York Harbor, in anticipation of an attack by the British. The island forts needed to be supplied, and Vanderbilt, already known as a very hard worker, secured the government contract. He prospered during the war, delivering supplies and also ferrying soldiers about the harbor. Investing money back into his business, he bought more sailing ships. Within a few years Vanderbilt recognized the value of steamboats and in 1818 he began working for another businessman, Thomas Gibbons, who operated a steamboat ferry between New York City and New Brunswick, New Jersey. Thanks to his fanatical devotion to his work, Vanderbilt made the ferry service very profitable. He even combined the ferry line with a hotel for the passengers in New Jersey. Vanderbilt’s wife managed the hotel. At the time, Robert Fulton and his partner Robert Livingston had a monopoly on steamboats on the Hudson River thanks to a New York State law. Vanderbilt fought the law, and eventually the U.S. Supreme Court, led by Chief Justice John Marshall, ruled it invalid in a landmark decision. Vanderbilt was thus able to expand his business further. Vanderbilt Launched His Own Shipping Business In 1829 Vanderbilt broke away from Gibbons and began operating his own fleet of boats. Vanderbilt’s steamboats plied the Hudson River, where he reduced fares to the point that competitors dropped out of the market. Branching out, Vanderbilt began steamship service between New York and cities in New England and towns on Long Island. Vanderbilt had dozens of steamships built, and his ships were known to be reliable and safe at a time when travel by steamboat could be rough or dangerous. His business boomed. By the time Vanderbilt was 40 years old he was well on his way to becoming a millionaire. Vanderbilt Found Opportunity With the California Gold Rush When the California Gold Rush came along in 1849, Vanderbilt began an ocean-going service, taking people bound for the West Coast to Central America. After landing in Nicaragua, the travelers would cross to the Pacific and continue their sea journey. In an incident that became legendary, a company that partnered with Vanderbilt in the Central American enterprise refused to pay him. He remarked that suing them in court would take too long, so he would simply ruin them. Vanderbilt managed to undercut their prices and put the other company out of business within two years. He became adept at using such monopolistic tactics against competitors, and businesses who went up against Vanderbilt were often made to suffer. He did, however, have a grudging respect for some rivals in business, such as another steamboat operator, Daniel Drew.   In the 1850s Vanderbilt began to sense that more money was to be made in railroads than on the water, so he began scaling back his nautical interests while buying up railroad stocks. Vanderbilt Put Together a Railroad Empire By the late 1860s Vanderbilt was a force in the railroad business. He had bought up several railroads in the New York area, putting them together to form the New York Central and Hudson River Railroad, one of the first great corporations. When Vanderbilt tried to gain control of the Erie Railroad, conflicts with other businessmen, including the secretive and shady  Jay Gould and the flamboyant Jim  Fisk, became known as the Erie Railroad War.  Vanderbilt, whose son William H. Vanderbilt was now working with him, eventually came to control much of the railroad business in the United States. Vanderbilt lived in a lavish townhouse and owned an elaborate private stable in which he kept some of the finest horses in America. Many afternoons he would drive a carriage through Manhattan, enjoying moving along at the fastest possible speed. When he was nearly 70 years old his wife died, and he later remarried a younger woman who encouraged him to make some philanthropic contributions. He provided the funds to begin Vanderbilt University. After a prolonged series of illnesses, Vanderbilt died on January 4, 1877, at the age of 82. Reporters had been gathered outside his townhouse in New York City, and news of the death of The Commodore filled newspapers for days afterward. Respecting his wishes, his funeral was a fairly modest affair. He was buried in a cemetery not far from where he grew up on Staten Island. Sources: Cornelius Vanderbilt.  Encyclopedia of World Biography, 2nd ed., vol. 15, Gale, 2004, pp. 415-416. Cornelius Vanderbilt, A Long and Useful Life Ended, New York Times, 1 Jan. 1877, p. 1.

Critical respond Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Critical respond - Essay Example The approach that the author takes is one that is based on providing information about the different dynasties that were relevant to Japan, beginning from 221 BC. The main concepts that are presented at the beginning show the main territories as well as the specialist areas in which most worked with the Japanese dynasty. The relevant facts include everything from the agricultural concepts that were approached during this time as well as the way in which the embassies divided the different borders and regions for rule. More importantly, there is a direct introduction that shows how the emperor’s of each region incorporated new lands and began to conquer various territories to provide more resources and wealth to each nation. The basic information includes the settlements that took place from the different rulers as well as different areas which were conquered throughout the dynasty era. The author not only incorporates the basic aspects of the reading from the political and agricultural viewpoints, but also begins to show how the trends of Japan changed because of the religious beliefs. For instance, some of the mountain regions of Japan were considered sacred. This led to underdevelopment of the areas, as well as specific approaches to ensure that the sacred concepts were kept throughout the region. This begins with an understanding of how the ancient culture developed with the main philosophies, such as the concept of words, symbols and images and how these reflected the spiritual nature of those that were within the region. The author then moves into how this evolved into Zen Buddhism and the developments that make Japan more current in the religious beliefs, specifically because of the developments that occurred in ancient times. The author links the beliefs as the core part of the country, which allowed other parts of power

Alcoholism in Lebanon Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Alcoholism in Lebanon - Essay Example The genes that are responsible for alcohol addiction interact with one another as well as with the environment. Different variations of this interaction result either in temperance or in addiction. There is also one more variant possible when alcohol addiction is not predetermined by heredity. Alcoholism can be surely called the curse of the 20th and 21st centuries. With the increase of the life rate, with the emotional stress caused by surplus of information people are prone to seek ways of getting relaxed. The main deceiving point of alcohol is that it is delusive. Being in the state of intoxication all the difficulties and problems slacken and there is a temporal short-term state of carelessness and relative happiness. The state described above is connected with the discharge of endorphins in blood. Endorphin, also called the hormone of happiness, is produced by a special area of brains and leads to the feeling of relaxation. Not only alcohol or drugs can lead to the effect of the short-term happiness, though it is the fastest method to stimulate the production of endorphins. It is known that bananas and chocolate have the similar effect, though the number of endorphins is rather small. The investigation on alcohol addiction proves that daily and continuous consumption of alcohol even in small portions can lead to chemical addiction. Due to the exchange processes of the organism, the chemical addiction of the cells arises. This addiction is characterized by the need to increase the dose from time to time. The most striking fact is that according to the hereditary theory (that is proved by statistical data) if one of the parents is alcohol addicted then one of their children or grandchildren is sure to have the same problem (Plant 2006). The fact is that the gene responsible for alcoholism addiction can reveal itself even in several generations. There are two types of alcoholism that are distinguished by the scientists: male and female. Female alcoholism, tho ugh not so often met, is more dangerous and is hardly to be cured. Women get addicted to alcohol much quicker than men do and in this way they become drunkards very quickly. The reasons that force a woman to take alcohol can vary. The first place is occupied by hereditary addiction, but then come the reasons of the unhappy private life, problems with children, the absence of family etc. However, for a man the main reason after hereditary are problems at work. It has been established in such a way in the evolution of the mankind that a woman has always realized herself at home and in the family, while a man always strived to make a career and achieve something at work. Alcohol influences the organism in a negative way; though scientists still argue weather there is a minimal doze of alcohol that is useful for an organism. It has always been believed that a small doze of red wine a day will be very useful for health. Though, nowadays some scientists argue that even such doze can lead to the dying-off of brain cells. Alcohol influences the brains in such a way that the organism knowing that something harmful is happening to it starts to defend. As a result the cells of the brains die off in the process of battle. Soon the dead cells leave the body via uresis. A person who is alcohol addicted gradually losses his/her intelligence and degrade. The only thing that interests them is taking another doze of alcohol. All their actions through the day in

Offshore Wind Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Offshore Wind - Essay Example The article also notes from experience that the installation of offshore wind stations has not been received that well and is witnessing a low takeoff. Nevertheless, the installation has seen remarkable improvements over the last few years with at least 3.5 GW of offshore winds being in line, over 2GW is already in development, and more than 100GW currently at different development stages. Nevertheless, most constructions are concentrated in North Europe especially in the UK, Germany, Sweden, Denmark, and Belgium.The article also shows that projects of offshore winds have increased in scale over the last decade, and the trend continues. The increase is mainly projected to be witnessed in UK, which will see hundreds of high voltage wind turbines being constructed. This will require numerous highly specialized installation vessels as well as port facilities to manage the increasing dimension of wind turbines, balance of plants and support structures. Wright notes that the major challen ge pertains to financial requirements as the UK round 3 Zones are projected to require over â‚ ¬90 billion, which would necessitate new financing models and the support of the public at all levels. Nevertheless, private investors have aired their worries regarding the high risk associated with construction, financial incentives, long-term stability, and issues related to turbine reliability.The article also reveals that the supply chain progress has been inspired in the recent past with increasing separation between onshore and offshore wind sectors.

Living with Diabetes Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Living with Diabetes - Assignment Example The researcher states that his friend did get remission from diarrhea; however her family physician asked her to get blood checked in the laboratory for parasites, hemoglobin, leukocytes count and cholesterol level. On seeing blood report, a doctor said that her fatigue was not due to lack of hemoglobin. The doctor also measured her blood pressure to check if she suffered from hypertension; however, both the readings were normal. Her blood report described above normal sugar levels. Those who suffer from diabetes face risk of developing several health complications such as stroke leading to cardiac arrest and amputation. Since she was suffering from shortness of breath and no infection was apparent, the doctor sent her to a cardiologist to check if her cardiogram is normal. Doctor recommended her some diet changes and asked her to take nutritious food. Unfortunately, yesterday only she missed steps while coming down and got her ankle sprained. Observing inflammation on her right ankl e and her inability to walk, the physician thought about medical triage to provide her relief and reduce her trauma. Physiologist also wanted to check if the incident could lead to any kind of myopathy in associated leg muscles so that timely action can be taken.

Business Ethics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business Ethics - Assignment Example This is in spite of the fact that Hooters lawyer, Patricia Casey, had explained in earlier court preceding, and evoked similar exceptions in the 1964 Civil Rights Act, that Hooters used the sex appeal of the flimsily dressed female servers to attract and entertain customers (Nations Restaurant News, 1995). It is to be noted that Playboy Clubs had repeatedly cited the latter act successfully in their numerous court charges for similar hiring discrimination charges. Critics, therefore, wonder what EEOC was really up to in the Hooters’ case, and hold the opinion that the commission was only using Civil Rights laws to protect out-of-work men from hiring discriminations (Nations Restaurant News, 1995). The EEOC has apparently gone to an extent of advising Hooters to incorporate a scholarly fund to help enhance the skills, education and employment opportunities of males. To this demand, Bureaucracy activist James Bovard wonders what EEOC expected Hooters to train the male employees in; â€Å"†¦how to flirt with burly construction workers without getting punched in the nose?" (Nations Restaurant News, 1995) Most importantly, the EEOC politically correct stand on the Hooters’ case attracts the following questions: a. Does anti-discrimination go too far in disallowing a business concept? Business ideas come in as a result of innovation and creativity. Given that human beings have different capacities to these, no one should be discriminated against, especially when their product of creativity seems to pay off and expand. Hooters of America incorporation is a unique business idea that seeks to provide predominantly entertainment, diversion and amusement based on the sex appeal of the Hooters Girls as stated by the hooters lawyer Patricia Casey (Nations Restaurant News, 1995). Therefore the anti-discrimination law by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) is absolutely wrong, especially because their accusations of the Hooters were solely b ased on nothing but the implementation of their great business idea. However, all businesses invariably face moral and ethical issues during operation and Hooters is no exception. The company is apparently not promoting itself as an â€Å"equal opportunity employer† buy employing only beautiful young ladies and discriminating against not so beautiful ladies and men. These are no doubt legitimate moral issues that the hooters need to address within their business ethics and draw clear lines on how to deal with this issue. It is vital to appreciate that as we seek the freedom to implement great ideas, we must abide by the law and should uphold all business morals and have clear business ethics in place to deal with moral issues that may come up from time to time. The EEOC asked the hooters to give 40% of their job openings to male servers as a way to deal with gender discrimination (Nations Restaurant News, 1995). The question however is, how about the issue of not hiring the n ot so good looking women and men? Should we then argue that all men and women are attractive in the eyes of their beholders? This remains a big dilemma. b. Would you consider being a hooters boy or not? I see no problem in being a hooters b

Wayne Williams (Atlanta Child Killer) Case Study

Wayne Williams (Atlanta Child Killer) - Case Study Example The deaths were as a result of asphyxiation and strangulation. On each of the recovered victim, there were varying types of microscopic evidence ranging from dog fur, carpet fibers, and blanket fibers. It was noted that once the facts about the killings were publicized by the press, the killings went on, but the victims started appearing nude or partially nude in the Chattahoochee River (Nickell, 2011). The change in the killer’s way of handling the victims was a clear indication that the killer was keen on the media’s reports regarding the killings and was determined to clear any signs of trace evidence (Mallard, 2009). In May of 1981, intelligence officials were in high hopes of getting the killer whereby they launched surveillance along the Chattahoochee River. As they were carrying out surveillance, intelligence officers heard a loud splash and then saw a station wagon in the area along the river. At the time of the splash, there was no immediate discovery of any body. However, the intelligence offers went on to question the 23-year-old male driver who admitted that he had dropped a bag of garbage into the water. On the second day after the questioning of the driver, the body of a young black male was discovered in the Chattahoochee River at a location downstream from where intelligence officers questioned the driver (Lester, 1995). Forensic examination of the identified body revealed that the body had unique man-made yellow and green carpet fibers. This crucial evidence was found on the victim’s hair, and it matched fiber evidence identified on other victims. This piece of evidence made intelligence officers conduct a search in Wayne Williams’ house, where yellow and green carpet material was identified across many areas of the house. Convinced by the discovery of fiber that matched that found on Wayne’s carpeting material, intelligence officers were in no doubts that the killer they had been

Business Ethics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business Ethics - Assignment Example This is in spite of the fact that Hooters lawyer, Patricia Casey, had explained in earlier court preceding, and evoked similar exceptions in the 1964 Civil Rights Act, that Hooters used the sex appeal of the flimsily dressed female servers to attract and entertain customers (Nations Restaurant News, 1995). It is to be noted that Playboy Clubs had repeatedly cited the latter act successfully in their numerous court charges for similar hiring discrimination charges. Critics, therefore, wonder what EEOC was really up to in the Hooters’ case, and hold the opinion that the commission was only using Civil Rights laws to protect out-of-work men from hiring discriminations (Nations Restaurant News, 1995). The EEOC has apparently gone to an extent of advising Hooters to incorporate a scholarly fund to help enhance the skills, education and employment opportunities of males. To this demand, Bureaucracy activist James Bovard wonders what EEOC expected Hooters to train the male employees in; â€Å"†¦how to flirt with burly construction workers without getting punched in the nose?" (Nations Restaurant News, 1995) Most importantly, the EEOC politically correct stand on the Hooters’ case attracts the following questions: a. Does anti-discrimination go too far in disallowing a business concept? Business ideas come in as a result of innovation and creativity. Given that human beings have different capacities to these, no one should be discriminated against, especially when their product of creativity seems to pay off and expand. Hooters of America incorporation is a unique business idea that seeks to provide predominantly entertainment, diversion and amusement based on the sex appeal of the Hooters Girls as stated by the hooters lawyer Patricia Casey (Nations Restaurant News, 1995). Therefore the anti-discrimination law by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) is absolutely wrong, especially because their accusations of the Hooters were solely b ased on nothing but the implementation of their great business idea. However, all businesses invariably face moral and ethical issues during operation and Hooters is no exception. The company is apparently not promoting itself as an â€Å"equal opportunity employer† buy employing only beautiful young ladies and discriminating against not so beautiful ladies and men. These are no doubt legitimate moral issues that the hooters need to address within their business ethics and draw clear lines on how to deal with this issue. It is vital to appreciate that as we seek the freedom to implement great ideas, we must abide by the law and should uphold all business morals and have clear business ethics in place to deal with moral issues that may come up from time to time. The EEOC asked the hooters to give 40% of their job openings to male servers as a way to deal with gender discrimination (Nations Restaurant News, 1995). The question however is, how about the issue of not hiring the n ot so good looking women and men? Should we then argue that all men and women are attractive in the eyes of their beholders? This remains a big dilemma. b. Would you consider being a hooters boy or not? I see no problem in being a hooters b

Harriet Jacob’s “Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl” Essay Example for Free

Harriet Jacob’s â€Å"Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl† Essay In this paper I argue that slavery is an essential part of life and, as such, should be cared for to ensure the continuation of the lives of the slaves so that they serve their purpose. Slavery is referred to as an â€Å"unhappy condition†, one that should be relieved and which can only be relieved by the enslaved. Harriet Jacob’s â€Å"Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl† reveals the story of a slave girl and her misfortunes through out her life. The writing is among the feminist literature narrating the humiliations and sufferings of black slave females. Slave Black women didn’t have any such protection to voice their rights against their white masters. They were considered as â€Å"property† of their masters. And those masters have full authority over their female slaves to rape them at any time for the gain of sexual desire, for having stock of more slave children and for keeping such slaves below standards and disdain them. Therefore, there wasn’t any law that would apply to Linda’s case. In that era, woman, in general, were subject to man’s superiority and specifically slave woman were the victim of their masters, even in the enactment of law she had no right to voice her opinions, likes, dislikes or to live her life according to her own wishes. She was subject to any type of violent and abusive behavior by her masters. Lack of protection to their rights by law enforcement gave much bravery and authority to white males over their female slaves. Such deficiencies in law at that time surrounded the female slaves with fetters and disabilities, her very basic and natural rights were unguarded, and her liberty was unacknowledged. She was not allowed to process her separate interest. Not realizing the existence of these slave women as an individual or their own, the law gave her no independent possession. Law being supportive for the supremacy of white masters, and black female slaves were the victim of sexual assault, abusive, violent and unjust attitude. It was the law of the strongest. Though, abusing slaves were not considered as good and there was a universal disdain regarding this issue, no one was willing to help those helpless females against their sexual assault. There was wide spread use of female slaves as sex without any prohibition. Everyone was afraid of helping such women because no one wanted to go against slaveholders who were very rich and held much authority at that time. Most of the blacks were dependent on these slaveholders, and majority of them were proprietors and nurturing most of the Black slaves’ family for labor. Other poor whites were dependent on agriculture and feared to loose their property if they would be of any help to Black female slaves. Therefore, no one dared to voice against such slave owners, even including the family members of the female slave would remain quiet. However, there was general opinion among white females that the abuse of Black slaves was acceptable and that males and white masters are the dominant gender. Most white women were also quiet because not only that they thought slavery was an acceptable thing but they were receiving a lot benefits like money, food and free labor. Daughters or wives were solely dependent on their fathers and husbands. To voice against them meant to deprive themselves of all those benefits they were receiving. To help slave women for their sexual and autonomic identity was to worsen the situation prevailing at that time. The story is essentially a moral code for the slave owners as to how to properly care for the slaves and their overseers. Initially the slaves are spoken of as though they are children who need to be watched over for their own safety and discipline. Slave’s behavior is seen as something unchangeably infantile, no amount of education on morals will change their behavior and they will always succumb to the temptations of thievery and malice toward their masters. It is not a function of the desire to be free, rather it is a function of their immature nature in the eyes of the masters and something to be controlled. These masters viewed themselves as benevolent, as though they were doing a service to the slaves in their charge by taking charge of their lives and keeping their souls out of the trouble to which they would be tempted. The care taken of the slaves is only so that they will be comfortable enough to continue to work and reproduce, not out of care for them as humans. To care for them as humans would require thinking of them as such, doing so would bring up the idea that as humans they deserve the freedom that the masters enjoyed. Masters of the slaves expect obedience and respect from their slaves. However, in return masters must also show their good attitude towards their slaves. They must be honest and truthful with their slaves. Slaves are after all humans who need to be cared off. The way masters will treat their slaves, the same they will get in return. Masters should show firmness and kindness towards their slaves to get their trust. And they must control their temper when dealing with them. In addition, slaves should be given their complete food and diet to keep them healthy and fulfill their needs of the daily work. It is clear, however, that the masters view their slaves as nothing higher than any farm animal. Something to be taken care of for its usefulness, to be cared for so that it will serve its purpose without trouble in the same category as a horse or a cow. Slavery is understood by the slaves to be an oppressive system inflicted by one group of humans upon another, and oppression of any type should not be tolerated. Freedom is a God-given right to all humans and to voluntarily submit to having that freedom taken away is an abomination against God, an enormous sin. Garnet, freed men and slaves believed that slavery set all the laws given by God aside and caused the slaves to make reverence to their masters before God and to submit themselves other than to Him, which is against the first commandment of their Christian belief. This made it necessary to revolt against slavery and endeavor for freedom in any way, even if it meant death because death itself was preferable to oppression. They were willing to sacrifice their lives rather than live as slaves, treated no better than animals rather than with the respect of men. What is most interesting about the story is that it is not an incitement to violence, rather it is an order for those enslaved to demand their freedom. If they were to recognize that their numbers made such a demand possible without violence there could be some resolution to slavery without bloodshed. There is clearly the awareness that a peaceful end to slavery would not be possible, but at least the idea was put forth that it should be considered first. Works Cited Jacobs, Harriet. Incidents in the life of a slave girl.

Analysis of Australia and New Zealand Sustainability

Analysis of Australia and New Zealand Sustainability In the recent years, following increasing societal urges for responsible practices, involvement of the community, accountability, demand for more transparency, better working standards, contained GHGs emissions, and multiple other environmental and social elements (Ioannis Ioannou and George Serafeim, 2014, p.1) has given rise to a growing demand from stakeholders for corporate organisations to produce sustainable reports. Sustainable reporting as stated in the GRI 101: foundation is an organizations practice of reporting publicly on its economic, environmental, and/or social impacts, and hence its contributions positive or negative towards the goal of sustainable development (2016, p. 3). This report aims at evaluating various sustainability reporting tools and assess their impacts within the Australian context. Sustainability framework can be described as a set of guidelines put together to assist organisations producing a sustainability report with emphasis on a businesss material aspects, while focusing on the selection of the boundaries of the report. Above all, the framework highlights transparent reporting writing formats by providing technically-reviewed content and disclosure requirements (A GRI report is, 2017). These frameworks usually instigate a synoptic awareness risks and environmental impacts as well as opportunities/innovations. They additionally push for transparency regarding management strategies and quantifiable actions. They are astute about targeting areas that will have consequential impacts that ultimately translate to value for stakeholders (Some 227 members, 2016) For the purpose of this essay, the 2016 sustainability report of The Australian and New Zealand Banking Group has been studied. The report has been generated with the aid of various sustainability frameworks, however there are three major frameworks which are being considered namely DJSI (Dow Jones Sustainability Index), CDP (Carbon Disclosure Project) and GRI (Global Reporting Initiative). The DJSI is a widely used sustainability framework which has some of the most advanced ESG index solutions put at the disposal to the asset management industry through an unprecedented set of criteria for gathering, analyzing, quantifying, and distributing ESG data. It basically consists of industries specific questionnaires featuring 80-120 questions aligned with the companies financially relevant economic, environmental and social factors that accompanies the conventional financial analysis. A major part of the corporate sustainability assessment is the Media and Stakeholder Analysis (MSA) which audits publicly available information and assesses whether the companies management systems are translating into performance (The RobecoSAM Corporate, 2016). The CDP framework is a tool for decision makers for them to capitalize on opportunities and manage risks via their environmental performances (We understand that, 2017).The CDP overlaps with other framework in terms of its approach through sending out questionnaires to businesses in the denomination of the investors backing the initiative, the Carbon Disclosure Project amasses information on the companies environmental activities such as the monitoring and reduction of carbon emissions. This information accommodates the investors to make apprised, climate risk-related decisions in their investment process. Predicated on the data it has amassed, the CDP withal publishes in-depth analyses on sundry environmental subjects every year, covering a wide range of geographical regions (Samuel O. Idowu, 2013) The GRI Reporting Framework is meant to be a framework accepted by all organization for reporting on their economic, environmental, and social performance, regardless their size, sector, or location. It takes into consideration the practical issues faced by various organizations ranging ones having local operations to ones dispersing their operations internationally. The GRI Reporting Framework contains general as well as sector-specific content that has been agreed by multitude of stakeholders globally to be applied generally for reporting an organizations sustainability performance. The Sustainability Reporting Guidelines, now standards in the GRI are made up of principles for which define report content and ensure the quality of reported information. It also includes Standard Disclosures consisting of Performance Indicators and other disclosure items and guidance on specific technical topics in reporting (Sustainability Reporting Guidelines, 2016, p.3). CDP provides a framework for firms to measure and disclose their Greenhouse Gas (GHG), water, and supply chain performance. While the prime objective of CDP is climate change mitigation and protection of natural resources. GRI and DJSI, on the other hand, focus on the economic, environmental, and social impact of an organizations material activities on its stakeholders. The CDP and GRI frameworks are available to the public but for data to be submitted to DJSI, companies must be invited and the results of the analysis are not available in the public domain. (Mark Sellberg, 25 Nov 2015) These frameworks also target different audiences. While CDP and DJSI target investors as their main audience. The GRI reports primary stakeholder are based upon the material issues for the company and typically include shareholders, employees, suppliers, customers, regulators, NGOs, and local communities. In Australia sustainability reporting is voluntary. Companies choosing to do so in order to inform non-shareholder stakeholders about the companys performance with regards to the three main pillars of sustainability and setting up strategies for improve their impacts while disclosing to all stakeholders how a company is dealing with material non-financial and financial risks. According to Certified Practicing Accountants Australias (CPA Australia) 2004-2007 report Sustainability, Practice, Performance and Potential, there exists a strong correlation relating sustainability reporting and low probability of corporate distress. This relationship may also indicate the producing sustainability reports are proactive versus more prominent risks to their business and can prepare long term and integrated approach to risk benefitting both shareholders and stakeholders To address the diverse needs of Australias business community, one prime principle of sustainability was identified to be flexibility so that listed entities could first consider and then disclose sustainability or non-financial information that is pertinent to the (Ian Matheson, 2012, p.2) The ASX Corporate Governance Councils Principles of Good Corporate Governance and Best Practice Recommendations views are that if the size, structure and operations of organisations differ hence flexibility must be allowed in the structures adopted to maximise individual performance. Even though, flexibility is granted, organisations should be accountable to investors for their alternative which is the if not, why not obligation. On the other hand, multiple submitters believe that there is a need for compulsory sustainability disclosures provide stakeholders with assurance that companies are doing business accountably and transparently so that players who currently ignore CSR come up to the standard, even if it is a minimum, as it will provide authorities something against which they can hold them to account. (Rod Masson, 2012, p.42) Finally, in that sense it can be seen from the ANZ banking group sustainability report that the organization has chosen a combination of sustainability framework so as to meet answer the expectations of their different stakeholders and at the same time identify areas to improve their operational or management activities, find better managerial strategies for their non-financial risks, find new markets or business opportunities and measure their performance against their competitors. (ANZ, Corporate Sustainability Review 2016)

Human Error Essays -- Miscommunication, Shift Work

To err is human. Throughout everyday life, human error is around every corner. Human error is defined as, â€Å"a mistake made by a person rather than being caused by a poorly designed process or the malfunctioning of a machine such as a computer.† (Encarta, 2009) To simplify this definition, people make mistakes. Human error may become apparent in the form of human behavior or conduct that can be categorized as undesirable, unacceptable, careless, inattentive, forgetful, reckless, harmful, a miscommunication, human performance that is extreme in variability or beyond the limits of that expected, or an inappropriate form of risk taking behavior. An error may be harmless, it may be detectable and correctable, or it may serve to predict future problems (Peters, 2006). Many references to human error are associated with high-profile catastrophes. The publics concern over these high-profile catastrophes puts human error in the spotlight. Some examples of human error catastrophes include: the Tenerife runway collision in 1977, Three Mile Island in 1979, the Bhopal methyl isocyanate tragedy in 1984, the Challenger and Chernobyl disasters of 1986, and the Piper Alpha oil platform explosion in 1988. While these catastrophes put human error concerns in the spotlight, the human error impact on manufacturing operations can be just as detrimental. All of the catastrophes that were described above happened on a night shift period of shift work. Shift work involves the alternation of teams of worker each working a certain â€Å"shift†, and who usually perform the same work duties so that operations can be continued for longer than allowed by any single worker. Shift work schedules necessarily require some workers to work for periods of ti... ...ng questionnaires to the convenience sample was the basis of the study. This data was collected for a three-week period. The questionnaires were evaluated and descriptive statistics via means and standard deviations were used to describe the effect on work performance. This study shows that all age groups are subject to exposure to physiological and psychological hazards brought about by night shift as indicated in their subjective response. It also shows that shift work is related to workplace fatigue and accident injury rates (Hayajneh, 2008). Throughout literature review it seems that most research and studies support the fact that accident rates and shift work are related. The studies that were examined as part of this literature review compare and contrast various sides of business functions with similar results in accident rates and shift work data.

Management Policy :: essays research papers

OPERATION AND OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT All organizations have operations.† A manufacturing company may conduct operations in a foundry, mill, or factory. Our interest is in the management of operations, or operations management (OM), including the usual management cycle of planning, implementing, and monitoring/controlling. The driving force for OM must be an overriding goal of continually improving service to customers, where customer means the next process as well as the final, external user.  § Since there is an operation element in every function of the enterprise, all people in all jobs in every department of the organization should team up for improvement of there own operations management elements. Teaming Up with Customers What happens when suppliers and customer are disconnected? Consider design work, for example. Whether we speak of goods or services, time- and distance separation in the supplier-customer connection invites trouble. Question: â€Å"What’s your Job?† Question: â€Å"But isn’t your job to serve the customer?† In grocery stores, where the supplier-relationship is immediate, the operations manager system is hard pressed to maintain a customer focus. The customer is the next process, or where the work goes next. A buyer’s customer is the associate in the department to whom the purchased item goes; a cost accountant’s customer is the manager who uses the accounting operations-where the design will be produced or the service provided. It is also clear that throughout the organization, people not only have customers, they are customers. Let’s turn our attention to what customers want. A Short List of Basic Customer Wants The requirement is a recipient’s or customer’s view of a good or service. A close partnership with the customer’s actual requirements. A close partnership with the customer helps create good specifications, increasing the supplier’s ability to f ulfill the customer’s needs. What else do customers want? Customers have six requirements of their providers: High levels of quality. High levels of service. Low costs. OPERATIONS STRATEGY An organizational commitment with wide ranging effects, such as continuing improvement in meeting customer needs, is called a strategy. Strategy itself is necessary because of competition, and successful strategy ensures that company strengths match customer requirements. Integrated Business Strategy To accomplish its aims, the business team must plan strategy in all four-line functions. A comprehensive strategic business plan deals with issues affecting the whole organization: employees, markets, location, line of products and services, customers, capital and financing, profitability, competition, public image and so forth. Management Policy :: essays research papers OPERATION AND OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT All organizations have operations.† A manufacturing company may conduct operations in a foundry, mill, or factory. Our interest is in the management of operations, or operations management (OM), including the usual management cycle of planning, implementing, and monitoring/controlling. The driving force for OM must be an overriding goal of continually improving service to customers, where customer means the next process as well as the final, external user.  § Since there is an operation element in every function of the enterprise, all people in all jobs in every department of the organization should team up for improvement of there own operations management elements. Teaming Up with Customers What happens when suppliers and customer are disconnected? Consider design work, for example. Whether we speak of goods or services, time- and distance separation in the supplier-customer connection invites trouble. Question: â€Å"What’s your Job?† Question: â€Å"But isn’t your job to serve the customer?† In grocery stores, where the supplier-relationship is immediate, the operations manager system is hard pressed to maintain a customer focus. The customer is the next process, or where the work goes next. A buyer’s customer is the associate in the department to whom the purchased item goes; a cost accountant’s customer is the manager who uses the accounting operations-where the design will be produced or the service provided. It is also clear that throughout the organization, people not only have customers, they are customers. Let’s turn our attention to what customers want. A Short List of Basic Customer Wants The requirement is a recipient’s or customer’s view of a good or service. A close partnership with the customer’s actual requirements. A close partnership with the customer helps create good specifications, increasing the supplier’s ability to f ulfill the customer’s needs. What else do customers want? Customers have six requirements of their providers: High levels of quality. High levels of service. Low costs. OPERATIONS STRATEGY An organizational commitment with wide ranging effects, such as continuing improvement in meeting customer needs, is called a strategy. Strategy itself is necessary because of competition, and successful strategy ensures that company strengths match customer requirements. Integrated Business Strategy To accomplish its aims, the business team must plan strategy in all four-line functions. A comprehensive strategic business plan deals with issues affecting the whole organization: employees, markets, location, line of products and services, customers, capital and financing, profitability, competition, public image and so forth.